THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 


STATE  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 

DIVISION  OF  ENGINEERING   AND  IRRIGATION 


n 

BULLETIN  No.  6 


//O'  t? 


IRRIGATION  REQUIREMENTS 
OF  CALIFORNIA  LANDS 


BEING 

APPENDIX    "B' 

TO 


Report  to  the  Legislature  of  1923 

ON  THE 

Water  Resources  of  California 


20273 


CALIFORNIA  STATB  PBINTINO  Onrid 
BACBAllENTO,  1923 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
DAVIS 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Paeo. 
FOREWORD 5 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT    6 

ORGANIZATION    7 

LIST    OP    TABLES 9 

LIST    OP    PLATES 10 

Chapter  I. 
Agricultural     Lands 11 

Chapter  II. 
Climatology     15 

Chapter  III. 
Duty  of  Water  for  Irrigation 20 

Chapter  IV. 
Monthly   Irrigation   Demand 24 

Chapter  V. 
Irrigation  Requirements  of  Agricultural   Lands 26 

Chapter  VI. 
Net  Area  Irrigated  in  Large  Agricultural  Districts 69 

Chapter  VII. 
Endurable  Deficiencies   in  an  Irrigation  Supply 73 


FOREWORD. 


The  legislature  of  1921  appropriated  $200,000  for  an  investigation  of 
California's  water  resources  by  the  State  Department  of  Public  Works, 
Division  of  Engineering  and  Irrigation.  Accordingly,  an  engineering 
investigation  has  been  completed  and  a  report  transmitted  to  the  legis- 
lature on  January  1,  1923.  The  great  mass  of  data  collected  and  the 
complex  analyses  thereof  made  it  advisable  to  present  much  of  this 
information  in  separate  volumes.     Four  of  these  .are  in  print,  entitled: 

Appendix  "A"  "Flow  in  California  Streams."  JBulletin  No.  5, 
State  Department  of  Public  Works. 

Appendix  ' "'  B  "  "  Irrigation  Requirements  of  California  Lands. ' ' 
Bulletin  No.  6,  State  Department  of  Public 
Works. 

Appejtoix  "C"  "Utilization  of  the  Water  Resources  of  Cali- 
fornia." Bulletin  No.  7,  State  Department  of 
Public  Works. 

Appendix  "D"  "Relation  of  Settlement  to  Irrigation  Develop- 
ment." Bulletin  No.  8,  State  Department  of 
Public  Works. 


Chapter  889  of  the  1921  Statutes,  which  authorized  this  investigation, 
provided  for  the  appointment  by  the  Governor,  of  a  Consulting  Board 
to  advise  with  the  Department  in  their  endeavors.  The  following  were 
appointed  by  Governor  Stephens : 


J.  C.  FoRKNER,  Chairman 
Peter  Cook 
Jonathan  S.  Dodge 
B.  A.  Etcheverry 
Hakry  Havstgood 


H.  A.  Kluegel 
Robert  B.  Marshall 
H.  D.  McGlashan 
0.  B.  Tout 
U.  S.  Webb 


Additional  advice  on  the  teclmical  features  of  Appendix  "B"  has 
been  sought  by  the  Department  from: 

A.  N.  Burch 

B.  A.  Etcheverry 
Samuel  Fortier 
A.  L.  Sonderegger 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


Much  data  have  been  contributed  to  this  report  by  public  and  private 
offices  without  which  the  Department  would  have  been  wholly  unable 
to  produce  this  volume.  The  Department  desires  to  publicly  express  its 
sincere  appreciation  to  the  parties  who,  through  the  furnishing  of  these 
data,  have  made  it  possible  for  the  Department  to  increase  its  service  to 
the  public  several-fold  in  publishing  this  report. 


ORGANIZATION. 


A.  B.  FLETCHER,  Director  of  PuUic  Works 
W.  F.  McCLURE,  Chief  of  Division  of  Engineering  and  Irrigation 


The  investigation  of  the  water  resources  of  the 

state  and  the  preparation  of  the   report  thereon, 

was  planned,  directed  and  brought  to  completion  by 

Paul  Bailey 


Fred  C.  Scobey 


Chief  Assistants 
Robert  L.  Jones 


William  S.  Post 


Senior  Office  Engineers 


H.  A.  Armstrong 
J.  J.  Jessup 
Clarence  F.  Johnson 
C.  B.  Meyer 
S.  B.  Nevius 


J.  H.  Peaslee 
W.  A.  Perkins 
Walter  Ruppel 
S.  H.  Searancke 
Edward  G.  Sheibley 


Junior  Office  Engineers 


P.  S.  Barker 
J.  G.  Bastow 
L.  N.  Clinton 
G.  D.  Clyde 
H.  L.  Davis     . 
Herbert  E.  Doolittle 
P.  K.  Duncan 
Arthur  C.  Dunlop 
0.  B.  Field 
Frank  P.  Foote 
George  B.  Gleason 
S.  S.  Gorman 
Whaiam  H.  Gorman 
F.  B.  Hilby 
E.  R.  Hoffman 
Irvin  Ingerson 
H.  E.  IviE 
J.  R.  Jahn 
Biscoe  a.  Kibbey 
Thomas  LEvsas 
J.  A.  Lindsay 
P.  H.  Lovering 

W.    J.    ]\Li.NETTA 

T.  C.  Mead 

J.  W.  Merideth 


S.  C.  Metcalf 
R.  I.  Meyerholz 
E.  H.  Moore 
M.  F.  Moore 

W.    B.    MULLIN 

T.   R.   NEISVSrANDEB 

T.  Neuman 
C.  M.  Newton 
Harry  Olsen 
Noel  Pike 
Norman  C.  Raab 

B.  A.  Reber 
Glenn  Rood 

E.  N.  Sawtelle 
N.  E.  Spicklemire 
R.  C.  Stevenson 
H.  N.  Sulliger 
Otto  Von  Seggern 
E.  G.  Waters 

V.    W.    WiLLITS 

Robert  L.  Wing 
Charles  J.  Worden 
A.  A.  Wren 

C.  L.  Young 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Field  Engineers 


R.  L.  Alun 
E.  "W.  Case 
S.  A.  Hart 
Chester  Marliave 


John  A.  Rice 


P.  W.  Bush,  Jr. 
Ed.  W.  Case 
C.  D.  Divelbiss 
Ward  Eisan 
A.  Pankhouser 

P.  L.  PiREBAUGH 

Gerald  Fitzgerald 


H.  L.  McCready 
Gr.  H.  Russell 
Burton  Smith 
H.  S.  Willlams 


Geologists 


Alfred  R.  Whitman 


Topographers 


Redick  H.  McKee 
L.  0.  Newsome 
P.  Rider 

Earl  D.  Stafford 
J.  E.  Stafford 
G.  H.  Walters 
A.  v.  Wilson 


A.  P.  McCoNNELL,  Editor  of  Report 
J.  J.  Haley,  Jr.,  Office  Manager 

Hate  IV  was  prepared  in  the  office  of  the  Grunsky  Engineering 
Corporation  by  E.  L.  Grunsky 


LIST  OF  TABLES. 


Table  Page 

1.  Agricultural  Areas  and  Net  Puty  of  Water 29 

2.  Desirable  Monthly   Distribution   of   Annual   Supply   According  to   Duty   of 

Water    31 

3.  Portion  of  Agricultural  Areas  that  Require  a  Water  Supply 70 

4.  Precipitation  Data  Used  in  Constructing  Isohyetose  Map 76 

5.  Precipitation  Stations  Used  in  Constructing  Isohyetose  Map 88 

6.  Alphabetical  Index  to  Irrigation  Systems  Listed  in  Tables  8  and  9  on  Use  of 

Water    92 

7.  Index  by  Sections  and  Key  Letters  on  Map  Plate  V,  to  Systems  Listed  in 

Tables  8  and  9  on  Use  of  Water 102 

8.  Use  of  Water  as  Measured  on  Various  Systems 117 

9.  Use  of  Water  as  Proiiosed  for  Various  Localities 170 

10.  Summary  of  Use  and  Duty  of  Water 184 

11.  Illustrative  Climatological  Data  for  Agricultural  Lands 188 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


Page. 

I.  Expansion  of  Agricultural  Industry  in   California 13 

II.  Average  Deficiency  in  Irrigation  Supply  Endured  by  Success- 
ful Enterprises  (Following) 74 

III.  Illustrative  Climatology  of  Agricultural  Lands  (Following) 191 

IV.  Isoliyetose  Map  of  California  (Following) 191 

V.  Map    of   Agricultural   Areas   and   Duty   of   Water    Sections 

(Following)    191 

VI.  Net  Use  of  Water  as  Measured  and  Proposed  on  Various  Sys- 
tems.  (Following)    191 

VII.  Monthly  Use  of  Annual  Irrigation  Supply  (Following) 191 


WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  11 


CHAPTER  I. 


AGRICULTURAL  LANDS. 

The  aErriciiltural  lands  of  the  State  of  Califomia  comprise  a  total 
area  of  23,000,000  aeres^  or  35,000  square  miles.  These  lands  are 
located  on  the  floors  of  the  valleys  and  in  the  foothills  and  plateaus  of 
the  state;  the  remainder,  or  three-quarters  of  the  state's  area,  is  either 
mountainous  with  steep  or  precipitous  slopes,  soilless,  too  rocky  for 
cultivation,  or  irreclaimable  desert  with  barren  or  alkaline  flats.  Thus 
only  a  quarter  of  the  state's  total  area  is  agricultural."  This  compara- 
tive relation  is  strikingly  contrasted  by  the  proportion  of  agricultural 
lands  of  the  whole  United  States  where  a  half  of  the  total  area  is 
agricultural.^ 

California's  agricultural  lands  are  those  portions  of  the  state  that 
have  suitable  soils,  disposed  in  appreciable  areas  of  regular  surface  con- 
formation, favorable  climate,  and  other  requisite  conditions  for  the 
production  of  harvestable  crops.  Included  in  these,  are  lands  at 
present  deficient  in  natural  moisture,  but  more  or  less  conveniently 
situated  for  the  ultimate  acquisition  of  an  accessory  water  supply. 

Of  tlie  non-agricultural  region,  the  mountains  and  their  precipitous 
and  rocky  terraces,  through  glacial  action,  weathering  and  erosion,  have 
supplied  the  alluvial  earth  that  the  rivers  and  streams  have  conveyed 
and  deposited  to  become  the  fertile  and  productive  soil  of  the  agricul- 
tural valleys. 

The  mountainous  portion  of  the  state's  non-agricultural  lands,  while 
precipitous,  rocky  or  soilless,  and  comprising  three-fifths  of  the  area  of 
Califoi-nia,  is  indispensable,  nevertheless,  to  the  development  of  the 
agricultural  lands  in  being  the  collecting  area  for  precipitation  and  its 
cimeenti-ation  into  streams,  without  which  collected  waters  much  of  the 
agricultural  area  would  be  no  more  productive  than  the  desert.  The 
vast  mountain  regions  of  California  are  two  and  a  half  times  the  area 
of  the  agricultural  lands,  and  occupy  well  over  half  the  space  inclosed 
within  the  state's  boundaries.  The  relative  areas  and  locations  of  the 
agricultural  and  mountainous  lands  of  the  state  are  shown  on  Plate  V, 
"Map  of  Agricultural  Areas  and  Duty  of  Water  Sections."  The  agri- 
cultural lands  are  there  delineated  in  green. 

The  most  extensive  and  continuous  body  of  agricultural  land  lies  in 
the  long  and  centrally  located  valley  between  the  two  main  mountain 
ranges  of  the  state,  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Coast  Range  Mountains, 
being  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mount  Shasta  and  on  the  south  by  the 
closure  between  the  Coast  ancl  the  Sierra  Nevada  ranges  at  Tehachapi 
Pass.     This  vallev.  the  north  half  of  which  is  the  Sacramento  and  the 


'From  Irrigation  Map  ot  California.  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  1920,  22,506.- 
000  acres.  (Exclusive  of  areas  included  within  cities,  principal  towns  and  the  chan- 
nels  of   the   larger    streams.)  .  ^     ,  »   »„, 

^Agricultural  Census,  U.  S.  Census  Bureau,  1920.  35,2d5  square  miles  out  of  total 
area  of  the  State  of  California  of  157. S57  square  miles,  which  total  contams  ii»6 
square  miles  of  water  surface. 

"Kxc.luding  Alaska,  Agricultural  Census,   192  0. 


12  WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

south  half  the  San  Joaquin,  is  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long  and 
averages  fifty  miles  wide,  with  a  total  area  of  21,000  square  miles,  or 
14,000,000  acres  of  tillable  land.  This  great  valley  contains  three- 
fifths  of  the  total  agrieultur<d  lands  of  California ;  thus  the  principal 
portion  of  the  farming  area  lies  along  the  axis  and  in  the  center  of 
the  state. 

The  remainder  of  the  agricultural  land  is  distributed  along  the 
borders  of  the  state,  and  in  parcels  that  are  relatively  small  compared 
to  the  lands  of  the  central  valley;  except  for  portions  south  of  the 
Tehachapi  Pass.  Here  one-tenth  of  the  total  agricultural  lands  of  the 
state  lies  west  of  the  crest  of  the  mountain  range  that  separates  the 
Pacific  Coastal  plains  from  the  desert,  and  one-tenth  lies  on  the  eastern 
side  of  this  dividing  range  and  principally  in  Imperial,  Antelope  and 
Victor  vallej^s;  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state,  east  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  one-fortieth  lies  in  the  valleys  south  of  Lake 
Tahoe,  and  one-twentieth  in  the  mountain  valleys  north  of  Lake  Tahoe 
and  on  the  plateaus  east  of  Mount  Shasta ;  along  the  westerly  border  of 
the  state,  three-fortieths  lie  in  the  coastal  valleys  of  the  Pacific  slope 
of  the  Coast  Range  Mountains  and  between  the  Oregon  line  and  the 
Santa  Barbara  Channel. 

The.se  agricultural  lands  produce,  or  are  capable  of  producing,  the 
grains,  fruits,  berries,  grapes,  vegetables,  and  the  other  farm  products  of 
the  state,  and  slightly  over  halF  of  this  total  agricultural  producing 
area  was  farmed  in  1920.  The  hi.story  of  the  development  of  these 
agricultural  lands  is  graphically  represented  on  Plate  I,  ' '  Expansion  of 
Agricultural  Industry  in  California." 

On  Plate  I,  the  demand  for  agricultural  products  from  1870  to  the 
present  day  is  shown  by  a  curve  expressing  the  values  of  agricultural 
produce  marketed  in  the  various  years.-  A  second  curve  shows  the 
expansion  of  the  improved  area  in  farms  as  this  demand  increased.  A 
third  curve,  taking  its  origin  with  the  beginning  of  irrigation  in  1870, 
depicts  the  increase  in  the  farming  area  receiving  irrigation  waters  in 
succeeding  years.  The  iipwardly  directed  sections  of  these  curves, 
which  are  drawn  to  connect  the  values  in  successive  yeai-s,  represent 
increase  in  value  or  expansion  of  acreage.  The  steeper  slopes  indicate 
a  greater  rate  of  increase,  and  sections  parallel  to  the  base  show  that  no 
increase  occurred.  The  curve  of  demand  for  agricultural  products 
progresses  steadily  upward  and  at  an  increasingly  steeper  inclination 
with  the  passing  of  time  as  it  approaches  the  present  day,  thus  indi- 
cating the  accelerated  rate  at  which  the  demand  for  the  state's  farm 
products  has  continued  to  grow. 

The  increasing  demand  for  California's  agricultural  products  that 
occurred  prior  to  1870,  was  satisfied  by  dry  farming  additional  areas  of 
land  each  succeeding  year.  The  curve  expressing  the  expansion  of  the 
improved  area  in  farms,  shows  that  this  extension  of  area  continued  up 
to  the  year  1885.  At  this  time  the  curve  turns  and  becomes  parallel  to 
the  base.  This  indicates  that  there  has  been  no  increase  in  the  area 
of  the  total  land  under  cultivation  since  that  date. 

'Twelve  million  out  of  twenty-three  million,  or  52  per  cent.  Fourteenth  U.  S. 
Census,   1920. 

=U.   S.   Census  Reports. 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    C.VLIPORNIA. 


13 


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Years 


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GROWTH  OF  AREA  IN  IMPROVED  AND 
IRRIGATED  FARM  LANDS 

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Years 


EXPANSION  OF  AGRICULTURAL  INDUSTRY 
IN  CALIFORNIA 

STATE  DEPAKTME>(T  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 

DIVISION  OF  ENGINEERING  AND  IRRIGATION 

Califohnia  Water  Resources  frfvwTiOATion 

CHAPTOt  iV-ISZI  VTATUm 


14  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

With  23,000,000  aerps  of  arable  land  in  the  state,  the  extension  of 
agriculture  to  new  lands  stopped  at  12,000,000  acres.  Since  the 
demand  for  the  products  of  the  agriculturist  continued  to  increase,  and 
at  an  aecelei-ated  rate  after  the  expansion  of  the  farming  area  had 
ceased,  every  circumstance  and  condition  existed  for  the  continuance 
of  the  extension  of  agriculture  to  new  areas  if  it  were  possible.  As 
a  result  of  the  unprofitable  farming  conditions  obtaining  on  the  remain- 
ing uncropped  11,000,000  acres,  the  area  under  cultivation  did  not 
further  increase.  The  experience  of  the  practical  agriculturist  limited 
the  total  area  farmed  to  12,000,000  acres.  Statistics  presented  later  in 
this  report  indicate  that  with  the  12,000,000  acres  cultivated,  all  of  the 
state's  agricultural  area  with  sufficient  natural  moisture  to  mature  a 
profitable  crop  had  been  brought  into  use,  together  with  some  additional 
area  having  inadequate  natural  moisture,  but  for  which  accessory 
supplies  were  developed  economically. 

After  1885,  with  the  demand  for  California's  agricultural  products 
constantly  increasing,  the  state  had  no  additional  area  that  could  be 
profitably  utilized  for  agriculture.  In  response  to  the  continuing  favor- 
able market,  a  more  intensive  farming  of  the  land  already  under  culti- 
vation resulted ;  for  California,  favorably  situated,  its  fertile  agricul- 
tural soil  not  producing  to  capacity  under  dry  farming  conditions, 
required  only  that  additional  water  be  applied  to  these  lands  to  multiply 
the  yield.  The  practical  farmer,  responding  to  the  market  created  for 
his  products  by  the  ever-growing  demand,  increased  the  yield  of  each 
acre  by  supplementing  the  soil's  natural  moisture  with  water  applied 
through  irrigation.  The  increase  in  the  area  irrigated  in  the  years 
succeeding  1885,  after  the  increasing  demand  for  the  state's  farm  pro- 
ducts could  be  no  longer  satisfied  by  enlargement  of  the  farmed  area,  is 
depicted  on  Plate  I^  Although  starting  in  1870,  the  area  irrigated  did 
not  increase  very  rapidly  until  the  yeai's  following  1885.  This  curve  of 
irrigated  area  and  the  curve  of  demand  for  agricultural  products 
closely  conform  in  shape.  The  similarity  of  these  curvatures  in  the 
succeeding  years,  expresses  the  dependency  of  agriculture  upon  irri- 
gation and  the  effect  of  irrigation  in  augmenting  the  yield  to  a  produc- 
tion commensurate  with  demand;  for  California's  lands,  potent  in  possi- 
bilities, needed  only  the  accessory  moisture  that  irrigation  supplied  to 
enhance  their  yield  that  the  state  might  respond  to  the  demand  for  its 
products.  The  upwardly  directed  paths  of  both  the  demand  curve  and 
the  curve  of  irrigated  area,  ascending  with  greatly  increased  steepness 
as  they  approach  the  present  day,  show  that  still  more  intensive  farming 
must  be  practiced  in  the  future  and  that  the  irrigated  area  must  expand 
at  a  still  greater  rate  than  in  the  past,  or  the  state's  progress  will  be 
retarded  through  agricultural  production  failing  to  meet  the  demand. 

Through  the  state's  response  to  the  demand  for  its  agricultural  pro- 
ducts by  the  more  intensive  farming  of  its  rich  agricultural  lands ;  and 
because  of  the  introduction  of  irrigation  and  the  continued  extension  of 
this  practice,  it  has  come  about  that  California,  eighteenth  in  the  area 
of  land  farmed  among  the  states  of  the  Union,  but  with  favoi'able 
climate  and  fertile  soil,  is  in  the  fifth-  position  in  value  of  farm  crops. 

'"Expansion  of  Agricultural  Industry  in  California."  , 

=Fourteenth  U.  S.  Census,  1»3». 


WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  15 


CHAPTER  II. 


CLIIVEATOLOGY. 

The  California  year  is  distinctive  in  having  but  two  well-defined  sea- 
sons, summer  and  winter.  This  feature  arises  from  the  transitional 
periods,  spriner  and  autumn,  beins:  short  and  devoid  of  distingniishing 
features  other  than  that  they  are  intermediate  between  the  more  clearly 
defined  seasons  of  summer  and  winter.  The  summer,  or  growing  period, 
is  long,  warm  and  generally  rainless :  the  winter  is  the  dormant  period, 
or  the  inter^-al  of  retarded  growth  in  plant  life  in  the  annual  cycle, 
and  is  normally  short,  cool,  and  at  times  stormy.  Most  of  the  precipita- 
tion occurs  during  this  season  of  winter. 

The  mountains  and  the  proximity  of  the  thousand  mile  coast  line 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  modify  California's  climate  so  that  only  moderate 
seasonal  fluctuations  of  temperature  occur  over  most  of  the  state.  Any 
great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  that  do  occur,  are  confined  principally 
to  the  non-agricultural  areas  of  the  mountains  and  deserts  of  the  state. 
For  California  generally,  the  mean  summer  temperatures  and  mean  for 
the  winter  show  a  less  departure  from  that  of  the  entire  yearly  tempera- 
tures than  do  similarly  compared  mean  heat  measurements  for  the  states 
ad.joining  California,  or  those  located  ea.stward  and  included  in  the 
same  latitude. 

The  seasonal  fluctuations  of  temperature,  the  duration  of  periods  of 
heat  and  cold,  and  the  extremes  of  temperature  reached  in  the  3aily  and 
yearly  cycle,  all  have  an  effect  on  plant  life.  Agricultural  plants 
require  appreciable  intervals  of  favorable  gi'owing  temperature  that 
they  may  attain  to  mature  growth  and  reach  an  annual  harvest  bearing 
stage.  This  growing  period  must  necessarily  be  continuous  and  for  the 
greater  number  of  agricultural  plants,  the  growing  season  must  be 
exempt  from  freezing  weather  or  long  continued  chilling  cold.  Growing 
plants  generally  can  withstand  temperatures  slightly  below  freezing  for 
short  inter\'als  without  serious  consequences,  except  that  a  few  degrees 
of  frost,  even  for  short  periods,  is  damaging  to  tender  plants  when  they 
are  passing  through  critical  stages  of  growth,  as  budding,  blooming  or 
setting  of  fruit.  Dormant  plants  can  withstand  varying  degrees  of  cold, 
ranging  from  six  to  seven  degrees  below  freezing  for  an  hour  or  so  for 
orange  trees,  to  fifty  degrees  below  freezing  for  mature  grape  vines. 

Although  the  frost-free  period,  which  is  the  time  when  temperatures 
are  continuously  above  freezing,  is  known  as  the  growing  period,  most 
crops  will  make  little  if  any  growth  on  days  when  the  average  daily 
temperature  is  below  43  degrees  and  because  of  the  variations  that  take 
place  in  the  daily  temperatures  between  noontime  warmth  and  the  cooler 
nights,  the  first  month  of  the  growing  season  is  usually  that  month  in 
which  the  mean  temperature  is  above  49  degrees. 

The  mean  monthly  precipitation  and  temperature,  as  well  as  frost- 
free  periods  for  sixteen  illustrative  towns  located  in  these  agricultural 
sections,  is  graphically  presented  on  Plate  III,  "Illustrative  Clima- 


16  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

tology  of  Agricultural  Lands.  "^  The  upper  section  of  this  plate  shows, 
by  colored  bars  drawn  upwardly  from  the  base  line,  the  mean  monthly 
precipitation  that  has  occurred  at  the  "Weather  Bureau 's  station  located 
in  the  town  shown  below  the  foot  of  the  bar.  These  bars  in  intercepting 
the  crass  lines  give  the  mean  monthly  precipitation  in  inches  of  depth. 
The  longer  lengths  of  these  upwardly  directed  bars  indicate  that  greater 
rainfall  has  taken  place  at  these  stations,  the  shorter  lengths  that  the 
precipitation  has  been  less.  The  middle  section  of  Plate  III-  repre- 
sents, by  similarly  colored  bars,  the  mean  monthly  temperatures  that 
have  prevailed  during  the  period  of  record  at  the  same  Weather  Bureau 
stations.  In  a  like  manner,  the  longer  bars  show  higher  mean  monthly 
temperatures,  and  the  .shorter  bars  that  the  temperatures  have  been  less. 
The  lower  section,  designated  "Frost-Free  Period,"  has  traufsverse  bars 
of  like  color  opposite  the  names  of  the  Weather  Bureau  stations,  and 
gives  a  pictorial  representation  of  the  aibsolute  frost-free  period  by 
means  of  solid  colored  bars.  The  shading  lines,  cross  drawn  in  like 
colors  and  extending  from  the  extremities  of  the  solid  bars,  show  within 
the  limits  of  the  extreme  ends  the  average  frost-free  period  that  has 
obtained  at  these  stations  during  the  years  of  record. 

These  bars,  one  to  a  town  in  each  of  sixteen  sections  of  the  state  and 
covering  every  month  in  the  year,  illustrate  in  a  graphical  way  the  main 
climatic  characteristics  of  the  state's  agricultural  lands.  The  location 
of  the  towns  and  the  agricultural  lands  is  presented  with  other  data  on 
Plate  V,  "Map  of  Agricultural  Areas  and  Duty  of  Water  Sections." 

Illustrative  of  the  climate  in  their  respective  sections  .shown  on  this 
map,  the  bars  on  Plate  III-  show  that  almost  without  exception  the 
precipitation,  in  amounts  to  be  of  much  value  to  agriculture,  is  con- 
fined to'  the  months  of  November,  December,  January,  February  and 
March,  while  the  period  of  favorable  growing  temperature  is  from 
March  to  November,  inclusive.  During  this  nine-month  period,  with  the 
exception  of  March  and  November,  the  rainfall  is  negligible  at  almost 
all  the  stations  of  record,  and  the  only  supply  of  water  available  to  the 
growing  plant  is  the  moisture  stored  in  the  soil  from  the  winter  rains. 
With  plant  growth  started,  some  time  is  consumed  before  additional 
waters,  above  that  stored  in  the  soil,  are  required.  In  localities  where 
the  natural  rainfall  is  inadequate  or  does  not  occur  in  suiScient  amounts 
at  the  needed  times,  and  where  other  methods  of  watering  are  used,  the 
first  month  during  which  these  additional  waters  are  required  is  that 
during  which  the  mean  temperature  is  above  52  degrees.  However, 
with  all  other  elements  of  climate  favorable  to  agriculture,  by  the 
utilization  of  the  soil's  natural  moisture  stored  from  the  rains  of  the 
previous  winter  and  supplemented  by  the  light  spring  rains,  although 
deficient,  harvestable  crops  of  limited  varieties  have  been  successfully 
grown  over  a  large  portion  of  California 's  fanning  lands.  In  localities 
where  rains  adequate  for  di-y  farming,  occurred  with  sufficient  regu- 
larity in  succeeding  years,  the  venture  was  profitable ;  but  the  limits 
to  the  agricultural  industry  of  California,  when  conducted  without  a 
supplementary  supply  of  water  for  the  growing  plants  during  the  long 
dry  summer  period,  was  reached  about  the  year  1885. 

^Dala  from  records  of  the  U.   S.  Weather  Bureau. 
'"Illustrative    Climatology    of   Agricultural    I>ands." 


I 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  17 

Althougli  the  successful  fai-ming  of  the  past  has  demonstrated  that 
crops  may  be  grown  and  that  plants  will  endure  the  moisture  deficien- 
cies of  the  summer  period,  the  experiences  recorded  on  Plate  I,'  and  the 
climatological  data  of  Plate  III,''  are  convincing  that  the  agricultural 
areas  of  California  can  not  produce  to  the  full  advantage  of  the  rich 
soils  and  favorable  climate  of  the  state  without  an  increase  in  the 
supply  of  moisture  during  the  growing  season  over  that  supplied  by 
the  meagre  summer  rains  and  the  holdover  moisture  in  the  soil  from  the 
winter  season.  To  attain  maximum  productivity  on  agricultural  lands 
in  all  parts  of  the  state,  it  is  clearly  necessary  to  supplement  the  natural 
moisture  of  the  soils  by  applying  acces.sory  waters  to  the  growing  crop 
during  the  summer  season.  In  practice  this  is  called  irrigation.  It  con- 
sists of  the  diversion  of  water  from  a  lake  or  flowing  stream,  or  pump- 
ing from  underground  waters,  and  the  conveyance  and  application  of 
this  water  to  the  soils  in  the  agricultural  areas.  It  is  this  utilization 
of  precipitation  that  has  fallen  on  other  than  cropped  areas,  the  col- 
lecting, conveying  and  applying  of  such  waters  to  the  tillable  soil  and 
the  growing  crops,  that  constitutes  our  science  of  irrigation. 

Three-fifths  of  the  area  of  the  state  is  occupied  by  lands  that  are  non- 
agricultural,  but  useful  for  the  collecting  of  precipitation  to  supple- 
ment the  deficient  natural  moisture  of  the  agricultural  lands.  Higher 
in  elevation,  precipitation  falls  in  greater  abundance  on  these  mountain- 
ous lands.  While  the  valleys  in  which  the  agricultural  lauds  of  the 
state  lie.  for  the  most  part  receive  between  five  and  twenty  inches  in 
depth  of  rainfall  per  year,  a  depth  of  over  twenty  inches  is  mostly  con- 
fined to  the  mountainous  areas.  The  annual  quantity  also  varies,  in 
general,  increasing  from  south  to  north,  from  little  more  than  zei'O  in  the 
Imperial  Valley  near  the  JMexican  boundary,  to  100  inches  or  more  per 
year  in  the  north  coastal  areas  close  to  the  Oregon  line. 

lu  the  localities  of  lesser  rainfall,  ii-rigation  is  absolutely  essential  to 
the  production  of  crops.  In  the  localities  of  greater  rainfall,  irrigation 
would  be  unnecessary  if  the  total  precipitation  were  distributed  uni- 
formly throughout  the  year.  Even  in  these  areas,  the  natural  soil- 
moisture  is  insufficient  and  is  either  exhausted  or  so  greatly  reduced 
early  in  the  summer  that  irrigation  becomes  commercially  profitable. 
The  increased  productivity  occasioned  by  an  adequate  supply  of  soil- 
moisture,  yields  returns  greatly  exceeding  the  costs  of  accessory  water 
to  obtain  it.  The  greater  certainty  of  maturing  the  crops  and  the 
increased  yield  under  irrigation,  make  an  accessory  supply  a  necessity 
for  maximum  production  in  every  section  of  the  state.  On  no  occasion 
where  waters  have  been  conveyed,  distributed  and  applied  to  growing 
crops  have  the  results  not  been  definitely  and  decisively  conclusive  that 
the  application  of  waters  periodically  and  in  proper  amoimts,  to  the 
cropped  area,  has  assured  a  greater  yield  and  a  better  product. 

The  distribution  of  precipitation  over  the  state  is  exhibited  in  graphi- 
cal fonn  on  an  isohyetose  map,  which  shows  how  rainfall  varies  with 
locality.  On  tliis  rainfall  map.  presented  as  Plate  IV,  "Isohyetose  Map 
of  California,"  points  of  equal  mean  annual  precipitation  are  connected 
by  lines  passing  through  them.  Every  obtainable  measurement  of  rain- 
fall  made   in   the  state,   comprising  the  records  of   728  observation 

'"Expansion  of  AgricuUural  Industry  in  California." 
'"Illustrative   Climatology   of   Agricultural   Lands." 

2— 202T3 


18  WATER    RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

statidus,  has  been  collected  and  utilized  in  the  preparation  of  this 
isohyetose  map.  Locations  of  these  observation  stations  and  places  of 
record  are  shown  by  symbols  on  the  map.  The  number  adjacent  to  each 
symbol  marking  the  location  of  the  station,  refers  to  Table  4,  "Precipi- 
tation Data  Used  in  Constructing  Isohyetose  Map,"  in  which  is 
tabulated  the  data  from  which  the  map  was  prepared.  Table  5,  "Pre- 
cipitation Stations  Used  in  Constructing  Isohyetose  ]\Iap,"  lists  the  rain- 
fall stations  in  the  alphabetical  order  of  their  names  and  carries  opposite 
each  name,  a  number  by  which  the  station  is  designated  on  the  map  and 
in  Table  4. 

The  mean  annual  precipitation,  which  has  been  pictured  on  the 
isohyetose  map,  is  either  the  observed  or  it  is  the  estimated  average 
annual  i-ainfall  for  the  fifty-year  period  that  has  just  been  concluded. 
Comparatively  few  of  the  rainfall  stations  have  records  covering  this 
half  century.  However,  in  the  instances  where  they  did  not,  the  record 
of  the  years  of  actual  measurement  was  extended  to  complete  the  record 
of  the  precipitation  for  the  fifty-year  period,  through  comparison  with 
the  chronicles  of  adjacent  stations  that  had  more  extensive  records. 
For  this  expansion,  so  necessary  to  make  fuller  records  available  for  the 
interpretation  of  the  sequence  and  predominant  features  of  annual 
precipitation  through  long  periods,  use  was  made  of  factors  called 
"indices-  of  wetness."  These  indices  give  numerical  value  to  the  rela- 
tion that  exists  between  the  wetness  of  one  year  and  the  wetness  of 
another.  Wetness  varies  for  different  years  in  the  amounts  of  rain 
falling  and  a  ratio  is  obtainable  that  expresses  this  wetness  for  one 
year  in  terms  of  another  year.  This  index  for  any  one  year  is  the  ratio 
of  the  wetness  or  annual  precipitation  for  that  year,  to  the  average 
precipitation  for  the  fifty-year  period.  These  indices  or  ratios  form  a 
series,  each  one  typical  of  a  successive  year,  and  have  a  relation,  one 
with  another,  identical  with  the  actual  values  of  the  annual  rainfall. 
Table  4^  tabulates  the  data  of  the  years  for  which  rainfall  measure- 
ments were  made  at  each  station,  and  the  average  rainfall  for  that 
period.  This  average  for  the  years  of  measurement  at  each  of  the 
stations  of  short  record,  was  increased  or  decreased  to  obtain  the  esti- 
mated mean  for  the  fifty-year  period.  The  increment  added  or  amount 
subtracted  was  the  proportional  quantity  that  was  required  to  change 
the  average  of  the  indices  of  wetness,  for  the  years  of  measured  rainfall, 
to  the  average  of  the  indices  for  the  fifty-year  period. 

This  isohyetose  map  shows  the  general  tendency  toward  greater 
precipitation  in  the  higher  mountain  regions  where  a  depth  of  more  than 
70  inches  is  reached  near  the  northern  summits  of  the  Coast  Range. 
The  elevated  peaks  and  tablelands  of  the  western  slope  of  the  Sien-a 
Nevada  Mountains  receive  a  mean  precipitation  of  from  50  to  90  inches 
compared  to  depths  of  from  5  to  25  inches  occurring  in  the  valley 
between  the  two  ranges.  It  is  also  discernible  on  this  map  that  the 
rainfall  over  the  extensive  and  continuous  area.s  of  agricultural  land 
in  the  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys,  is  less  in  depth  and  more 
uniform  than   over  the  mountanious   area.     While   the  precipitation 

""Precipitation  Data  Used  in  Constructing  Isohyetose  Map." 

'These  indices  are  developed  for  every  division  of  the  state  from  the  records  of 
two  hundred  and  si.vty  stations  of  the  United  States  Weather  Bureau,  and  are 
presented  as  a  part  of  Appendix  "A."  to  this  report,  "Flow  in  California  Streams." 
Bui.   No.    5,   State   Department   of   Public  AVorks. 


■WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNL\.  19 

varies  from  1  to  100  inches  in  depth  over  the  state,  this  ^eat  valley  in 
the  center  of  the  state,  containing  the  bulk  of  California's  agricultural 
land,  receives  15  to  25  inches  in  the  north  half,  and  the  south  half 
receives  only  5  to  15  inches.  South  of  Tehachapi  Pass,  the  southern 
California  coastal  valleys,  lying  to  the  west  of  the  dividing  range,  have 
a  rainfall  of  from  9  to  15  inches  a  year.  On  the  eastern  side  of  this 
mountain  range,  dividing  the  coastal  plains  from  the  desert,  lies  a 
great  expanse  of  territor^^  one-fifth  of  the  total  area  of  the  state,  which 
receives  less  than  5  inches  of  rainfall  per  annum.  To  the  north  and 
along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state,  the  mountain  valleys  lying  east  of 
the  Sierra  Xevadas  and  south  of  Lake  Tahoe.  have  a  mean  precipitation 
of  from  5  to  25  inches ;  those  north  of  Lake  Tahoe  and  on  the  mountain 
plateaus  east  of  ilount  Shasta,  receive  from  10  to  20  inches  per  year. 
Along  the  western  border  of  the  state,  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  the  Coast 
Range  ilountaius,  the  agi-icultural  valleys  north  of  Cape  ^lendocioo 
and  west  of  Mount  Shasta,  have  a  precipitation  of  from  20  to  75  inches ; 
the  valleys  from  Mendocino  Cape  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  receive  from 
20  to  50  inches  per  year.  The  valleys  on  this  same  slope,  between  San 
Francisco  Bay  and  the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  have  a  rainfall  that 
varies  in  depth  from  10  to  25  inches  per  annum. 

The  annual  precipitation  on  all  these  areas  \aries  greatly  from  year 
to  year.  Long  continued  records  of  rainfall  give,  when  averaged,  a 
mean  depth  of  annual  precipitation  which  shows  the  quantity  of  water 
that  should  be  expected  to  fall  in  any  one  year;  but  the  precipitation 
actually  occurring  may  depart  widely  from  the  average  computed  from 
full  records  covering  extensive  periods  of  time.  The  precipitation  in 
any  year  may  be  expected  to  occur  in  depths  exceeding  or  falling  short 
of  the  fifty-year  mean  with  equal  likelihood,  except  that  wet  and  dry 
years  appear  in  the  record  by  groups.  Records  and  information  have 
not  been  accumulated  for  a  sufficiently  long  time  to  determine  the 
sequence  with  which  these  groups  of  wet  or  drj'  years  may  occur,  the 
number  of  j'ears  in  a  group,  or  the  widest  departures  from  the  mean 
annual  rainfall  that  may  be  expected  to  take  place  in  any  year.  So  far 
as  human  experience  carries,  the  longer  records  of  a  half  century  or 
more,  probably  contain  the  extremes  which  might  ordinarily  be  expected. 
Precipitation  for  any  one  year  may  for  this  reason  have  a  wide  variation 
from  the  mean,  but  with  the  passing  of  time,  the  departures  tend  to 
equalize,  effects  of  wide  variation  are  suppres.sed,  and  the  mean  annual 
precipitation  of  the  past  gives  the  most  probable  depth  of  precipitation 
that  may  be  expected  to  occur  in  the  future. 

Adequate  precipitation  desirably  distributed,  propitious  temperature, 
and  fertile  soil,  combine  to  make  abundantly  productive  agricultural 
localities  that  yield  generous  harvests  to  human  effort.  California's 
farm  lands,  favorably  located  and  possessing  naturally  all  these  requi- 
sites but  a  rainfall  commensurate  in  amount  and  fittingly  distributed, 
require  that  accessory  water  be  applied  to  the  cropped  soil  during  the 
long  gi-owing  season  to  attain  maximum  productivity. 


20  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA 


CHAPTER  III. 


DUTY    OF    WATER    FOR   IRRIGATION. 

Plant  life  and  the  physiological  proeessps  taking  place  in  the  vege- 
table structure  through  which  the  seed  germinates,  maintains  its  life 
and  grows  to  maturit.y,  is  one  of  absorption,  transformation  and  stor- 
age in  its  cells,  of  materials  available  to  it  from  its  environs.  Plant  life 
requires  sunshine,  moisture,  and  mineral  and  organic  food  for  normal 
physiological  functioning  in  siistaining  life  and  for  nourishing  it  to 
mature  growth.  Rooted  in  place,  plants  have  at  their  command  only 
such  of  these  elementary  necessities  as  are  naturally  about  them  or  are 
conveyed  to  them  by  the  hand  of  man. 

Dependent  upon  the  resources  of  their  immediate  surroundings,  with- 
out means  of  effecting  their  own  relief  during  adversity,  plants  are  of 
necessity,  hardy  and  tenacious  of  life  and  do  not  succumb  except  to 
very  unfavorable  circumstances  or  long  endured  i^rivations.  Distrib- 
uted around  the  earth  and  through  all  latitudes,  the  plant  organism  has 
shown  by  its  distribution  and  the  diverse  conditions  under  which  it 
prospers,  a  remarkable  facility  in  adapting  itself  to  unpropitious 
environments.  In  such  regions,  growth  is  slow  and  plant  jn'oducts  are 
scanty,  but  with  the  introduction  of  advantageous  factors  into  the  sur- 
roundings or  on  transplanting  into  more  favoralile  localities,  the  plant 
responds  with  more  luxuriant  growth  and  abundant  fruits.  Because 
of  this  facile  adaptability  to  environment,  the  plant  requirements  for 
any  one  of  its  elemental  necessities,  sunshine,  moisture,  or  food  supply, 
are  as  variable  as  the  numerous  combinations  of  circumstances  under 
which  they  are  accustomed  to  mature. 

JMoisture  is  required,  however,  by  growing  plants  in  far  greater 
quantities  than  mineral  and  organic  foods,  for  in  addition  to  its  incor- 
poration into  the  cell  structure  of  the  plant,  there  is  a  large  amount 
evaporated  from  all  the  surfaces  of  the  stalks  and  leaves  that  are 
exposed  to  the  atmosphere.  The  root  system  of  the  plant  extracts 
moisture  from  the  surrounding  soil  and  takes  it  into  the  plant  structure 
to  supply  this  two-fold  need  for  water;  that  required  for  incorporation 
into  the  cells  and  framework,  and  that  portion  which  evaporates  from 
the  exposed  snrfaces  during  the  phj'siological  process  of  transpiration. 
The  quantity  of  water  needed  for  these  purposes  is  large,  but  varies 
greatly  with  the  ditferent  varieties  of  plants  as  well  as  with  the  circum- 
stances of  their  surroundings.  The  moisture  utilized  by  the  plant  for 
incorporation  into  its  structure  and  product,  varies  from  10  per  cent 
of  its  total  weight  in  grain,  to  80  per  cent  in  tuber  crops  and  90  per  cent 
in  fruits.  Of  all  the  moisture  absorbed  by  the  root  system,  however, 
that  incorporated  into  the  structure  of  the  plant  is  but  a  very  small 
part.  Much  the  larger  portion  is  evaporated  to  the  atmosphere  from 
the  leaves  and  other  exposed  surfaces  of  the  plant.  The  type  of  plant 
and  the  conditions  under  which  it  grows,  especially  the  fertility  and 
tilth  of  the  soil,  cause  this  quantity  to  fluctuate  between  wide  limits. 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIPORNU.  21 

Greater  ([uantities  are  also  evaporated  when  the  supply  of  soil  moisture 
is  more  abundant. 

Much  scientific  effort  has  1)een  expended  to  determine  the  minimum 
quantity  of  water  required  to  bring  plants  of  various  agricultural 
types  to  an  hnrvestalile  maturity.  Tlie  moisture  transpired  during  the 
epoch  of  plant  growtli  from  germination  to  harvest,  in  fluctuating  with 
all  the  circumstances  of  tlie  environment,  is  so  varialjle,  however,  that 
the  experimentors  have  produced  a  variety  of  figures  differing  from 
each  other  by  several  hundred  per  cent. 

The  total  moisture  required  to  make  the  environment  favorable,  is 
greater  in  volume  than  the  minimum  quantities  actually  used  in  plant 
growth.  Water  in  the  interstices  of  the  soil  is  drawn  by  gravity  and 
capillary  attraction,  and  portions  are  removed  by  these  forces  beyond 
the  reach  of  tlie  plant  roots.  The  moisture  carriecl  by  gravity  to  greater 
depths,  as  well  as  that  drawn  to  the  ground  surface  by  the  capillary 
powers  of  the  soil  to  be  dissipated  through  evaporation,  are  alike  lost  to 
the  plant.  That  the  environment  be  favorable  for  plant  growth,  there 
must  be  ample  moisture  in  the  soil  to  supply  the  actual  amount 
required  for  absorption  into  tlie  plant  structure  by  its  root  system,  after 
portions  liave  been  removed  from  the  reach  of  the  root  system  by  the 
continually  acting  and  imavoidable  natural  attractions  of  gravity  and 
capillarity.  The  total  amount  of  water  that  can  be  stored  in  the  pores 
of  the  soil  et  any  one  time  is  quite  limited.  While  pore  space  in  soils 
varies  from  a  third  to  half  its  volume,  not  more  than  one-half  of 
this  pore  space  can  be  occupied  by  water  for  any  considerable  period  of 
time  without  detriment  to  plant  growth.  Plants  require  air  in  the  soil 
as  well  as  moisture  to  effect  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  processes 
concurrent  with  the  abstraction  of  their  nourishment  from  the  soil, 
and  if  the  pore  space  of  the  soil  is  too  filled  with  water,  air  will  be 
excluded  or  will  not  be  present  in  sufficient  quantity  for  plant  needs. 
Without  sufficient  air  in  its  pores,  the  soil  takes  on  a  condition  called 
"sour,"  which  is  commonly  known  to  be  unfavorable  to  plant  growth. 
The  most  favorable  conditions  for  plant  growth  require  that  moisture 
be  supplied  to  the  soil  of  cropped  areas  at  intervals  and  in  quantities 
less  than  the  maximum  that  the  soil  will  absorb.  With  applications 
made  in  this  manner,  the  supply  in  storage  in  the  pores  of  the  soil,  is 
never  much  above  or  much  below  an  amount  that  is  most  favorable  to 
plant  growth.  The  natural  replenishment  of  the  soil  moisture  through 
rainfall,  as  the  climatological  data  shows,  occurs  in  the  dormant 
period  of  plant  life,  or  during  the  early  part  of  the  growing  season. 
To  replenish  soil  moisture  during  the  growing  season  requires  a  supply 
accessory  to  that  of  nature. 

The  amount  of  water  required  of  the  accessory  supply  and  the 
frequency  of  replenishment,  concern  not  alone  that  needed  for  absorp- 
tion by  the  plant  and  the  ((uantity  that  is  removed  from  the  proximity 
of  the  plant  roots  by  gravity  and  capillarity,  but  also  an  additional 
quantity.  From  the  very  point  at  which  these  accessory  waters  are 
taken  from  their  natural  location,  into  conduits  for  conveyance  tothe 
place  of  use,  throughout  this  entire  course,  lo.sses  occur.  Seepage  into 
the  earthen  banks  confining  the  waters,  leakage  through  walls  and 
joints  of  constructed  channels  and  passages,  and  percolation  to  the  sub- 


22  WATER   RESOURCES   OE    CALIFORNIA. 

soil,  are  quantities  varying  in  amount  and  are  often  unavoidable  or 
impractical  to  prevent  pconomically.  With  tlie  pouring  of  the  waters  on 
to  the  cropped  soil,  a  furtlier  portion  of  the  water  is  dissipated.  The 
long  ribbons  of  furrow-confined  waters  of  slight  depth,  or  the  extensive 
and  shallow  sheet  of  water  flooding  the  ground  surface  when  the  irri- 
gation waters  are  disposed  upon  the  cropped  area,  and  the  large  expanse 
of  wetted  soil,  give  unexcelled  opportunities  for  evaporation  to  the 
atmosphere  both  during  and  after  the  spreading  of  the  waters,  and  a 
great  deal  of  water  is  so  dissipated.  In  localities  of  porous  soils  and  free 
drainage  tlirough  subsoil,  much  water  may  percolate  immediately  to 
depths  beyond  the  reach  of  plant  roots  in  those  parts  first  wetted,  even 
before  the  spreading  waters  have  made  their  way  to  the  borders  of  the 
field.  The  loss  of  water  involved  in  the  pouring  out  and  spreading 
of  the  accessory  waters  upon  the  cropped  land  is  gi'eat  or  small,  depend- 
ing upon  many  circumstances,  most  of  which  are  controllable  by  man. 
The  manner  of  spreading  the  waters,  the  time  required  to  wet  the 
field,  and  the  proficiency  displayed  in  application,  restrain  the  way- 
ward waters  to  more  or  less  beneficial  purposes.  With  the  greater  or 
less  expenditure  for  leakless  conduits  to  convey  the  water  to  the  point 
of  use,  and  for  preparing  the  fields  and  making  provision  for  a  quicker 
and  more  even  spreading  of  the  water,  the  diffusion  losses  that  serve  no 
useful  purpose,  and  take  place  when  applying  the  irrigation  waters 
to  the  land,  may  be  made  smaller  or  larger.  Other  circumstances 
beyond  the  control  of  man  affect  the  magnitude  of  these  losses,  but  to 
a  lesser  degree.  The  type  of  soil,  its  variation  throughout  the 
field  and  its  dryness  at  the  time  of  irrigation,  the  freedom  of  drainage 
through  the  subsoil,  the  local  climate  and  weather  conditions  prevail- 
ing at  the  time  of  irrigation,  all  tend  to  enhance  or  lessen  the  diffusion 
losses,  but  do  not  control  their  es.sential  magnitude.  For  the  effect  of 
these  elements,  in  increasing  the  proportion  of  water  lost  before  serv- 
ing any  usefid  pui-pose,  may  be  largely  offset  by  the  expenditure  of 
money  to  conserve  the  water,  by  providing  watertight  conduits  for 
conveying  the  waters  over  the  ground  and  through  the  fields  to-  its 
place  of  emission  for  use,  for  retaining  the  waters  for  beneficial  serv- 
ice, for  guarding  it  from  leakage  and  evaporation,  and  for  delivering 
it  undiminished  to  the  zone  of  the  plant  roots.  The  economics  of  irriga- 
tion and  agricultural  production  are  thus  the  determining  factors  in 
coping  with  application  losses;  to  conserve  or  to  permit  waste,  expendi- 
ture is  balanced  against  returns,  the  value  of  water,  the  value  of  the 
crop  ;  and  the  margin  of  profit  decides.  The  losses  occurring  in  the 
application  of  irrigation  waters  may  equal  half  the  total  water  spread 
upon  the  land.  The  practical  working  quantity  of  water  required  of  an 
accessory  supply,  to  furnish  adequate  supplementary  moisture  for  grow- 
ing plants  must  include  sufficient  to  provide  for  all  these  various 
amounts  dissipated  as  the  water  Aowls  from  its  natural  source  through 
man-made  channels,  pipes  and  conduits,  and  pours  out  upon  the  soil, 
and  before  any  is  incorporated  in  the  structure  of  the  plant  and  product. 
This  practical  working  quantity,  liy  which  the  needs  of  cropped 
areas  may  be  expressed  and  water  re(|uirements  of  localities  may  be 
compared,  is  the  greatest  utility  when  expressed  as  the  amount  of 
water  needed  for  a  unit  area  of  cropped  land.    The  "Duty  of  Water" 


WATER   EESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA.  23 

is  the  name  used  for  this  practical  working  quantity  of  water.  Origin- 
ally an  expression  for  the  area  of  land  that  a  measure  of  water  would 
irrigate,  flowing  continuously  through  the  irrigation  season,  custom 
has  inverted  the  first  meaning  and  more  conveniently  utilizes  the  term 
"Duty  of  Water"  to  name  the  quantity  of  irrigation  water  required 
to  furnish  an  adequate  supplementary  supply  to  the  soil  moisture 
tliroughout  one  season  on  a  unit  area  of  land.  This  quantity  is  usually 
expressed  as  feet  of  depth  on  the  land,  meaning  the  depth  that  the 
total  amount  of  water  required  for  one  acre  in  one  year  would  cover 
its  surface  if  it  were  all  accumulated  and  confined  above  the  surface 
of  that  acre.  Conventional  use  has  resulted  in  dropping  the  unit  of 
area,  the  acre;  and  of  time,  the  year;  and  these  are  now  implicitly 
contained  in  the  phrase  "Duty  of  "Water." 

Qualifying  terms  are  in  common  use,  such  as  "Net"  and  "Gross." 
"Net  Duty"  is  the  quantity  of  water  measured  at  the  point  nearest 
to  its  entry  and  spreading  out  upon  the  cropped  land.  It  thus  con- 
tains the  water  required  for  plant  growth,  together  with  the  spreading 
or  application  losses  and  the  losses  contingent  to  storage  of  moisture 
in  soils  prior  to  being  absorbed  by  the  plant  roots.  The  "Gross  Duty" 
is  this  same  quantit.y  of  water  in  lake  or  flowing  stream,  reservoir  or 
place  of  storage,  together  with  the  conveyance  losses  incident  to  its 
flow  from  point  of  first  diversion  from  its  natural  source,  along  the 
canals  and  through  the  channels  and  conduits  to  its  point  of  entry  on 
to  the  cropped  soil.  "Net  Dut.y"  of  water  is  best  adapted  to  consid- 
erations of  requirements  of  accessory  water  supplies  and  in  comparing 
the  needs  of  different  localities.  "Gross  Duty"  is  a  sub.]'ect  of  con- 
sideration in  canal  and  conduit  design  and  initial  diversion  quantities. 

The  net  duty  of  water  may  be  studied  through  the  amounts  of  water 
actually  used  in  irrigation  practice  and  the  circumstances  contingent 
to  its  use.  The  use  of  water  on  different  fields  varies  widely  even  for 
like  crops,  for  not  only  do  the  quantities  that  are  dissipated  in  the 
process  of  irrigation  change  greatl.v  with  contingent  circumstances, 
but  the  actual  quantity  necessary  for  absorption  by  the  root  system 
of  the  plant  is  also  conditional.  These  circumstances  and  conditions 
that  necessitate  the  application  of  more  or  less  accessory  water,  are  so 
vast  in  number,  changing  with  every  variation  of  soil,  crop  and  prepa- 
ration for  spreading  water,  that  on  small  tracts  the  effect  of  one  may 
predominate,  but  on  greater  areas  they  tend  to  neutralize  in  effect. 
For  this  reason  the  average  use  of  water  on  verj'  large  areas  approaches 
like  figures,  while  the  use  on  small  tracts  has  wide  numerical  depar- 
tures from  the  average.  The  larger  the  areas  compared,  usually  the 
closer  agreement  in  the  records  of  use. 


24  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


MONTHLY   IRRIGATION   DEMAND. 

Agricultural  plants  are  al)le  to  exist  and  propagate  their  species  in 
extremely  adverse  surroundings,  and  when  deprivation  and  adversity 
are  their  destiny,  devote  their  reserve  capacity  and  utilize  their 
resourcefulness  to  the  utmost  in  the  maintenance  of  life  and  the  per- 
petuation of  their  kind.  IMoisture,  most  essential  of  plant  foods,  is 
necessary  in  large  quantities  that  the  environment  be  auspicious,  and 
when  denied  the  plant,  its  surroundinas  are  ill-favored  to  its  continued 
well-being,  vegetable  growth  is  slow  and  stunted,  and  fruits  are  dwarfed 
in  size  and  scant  in  number.  From  the  plant  seed  awaiting  moisture 
and  favorable  temperature  to  germinate  and  send  forth  its  fir.st  tiny 
tendrils,  to  the  sturdy  mature  plant  entering  harvest  stage  loaded 
with  plentiful  fruits,  plant  life  is  most  responsive  to  adequate  moisture 
propei'ly  applied.  Too  much  moisture,  too  long  continued,  excludes 
air  from  the  pores  of  the  soil  and  plant  life  requiring  this  air,  together 
with  the  moisture,  is  impeded  in  its  growth.  Inadequate  moisture  or 
Jong-continued  drought  are  equally  unfavorable,  for  the  plant  is 
required  to  conserve  its  resources  that  it  may  even  continue  to  exist,  and 
this  is  done  at  the  expense  of  growth  and  greater  yield.  It  is  the  yield, 
the  production  of  fruits  in  great  number  and  excellence,  that  is  first 
affected  by  moisture  supply  undesirable  in  amount  or  not  fittingly  dis- 
tributed. Since  all  plants  of  agricultural  type  are  without  capacity  to 
store  moisture  within  their  structure  for  use  during  periods  of  short 
supply,  their  reaction  to  adversity  requires,  and  the  economics  of 
agriculture  demand,  that  favorable  conditions  of  soil  moisture  be 
maintained  throughout  the  growing  season. 

The  periodic  application  of  accessory  water  is  therefore  essential 
and  the  demand  for  irrigation  water  follows  closely  upon  the  preva- 
lence of  the  seasonal  temperatures  of  appropriate  warmth,  favor- 
able to  the  growth  of  plants.  The  moisture  in  the  soil  from  the  winter 
rains  is  usually  not  retained  in  sufficient  quantities  to  make  conditions 
propitious  for  vegetable  growth  long  after  the  gi-owing  season  opens. 
The  spring  rains,  when  the.y  occur,  are  seldom  adequate  in  amount  to 
much  more  than  wet  the  ground  surface.  Such  moisture  is  available 
principally  for  shallow  rooted  plants  and  only  in  the  requisite  abun- 
dance during  the  rather  brief  period  preceding  the  drying  of  the  ground 
surface  that  occurs  through  evaporation. 

In  general,  the  demand  for  irrigation  water  increases  as  the  season 
progresses  and  temperatures  become  higher.  Water  requirements 
usually  reach  their  peak  in  midsummer,  during  the  months  of  July 
and  August,  when  the  temperatures  are  greatest  and  the  dissipation  of 
the  accessory  supply,  through  evaporation  and  percolation,  is  a  maxi- 
mum. As  the  season  further  progresses  and  temperatures  become 
lower,  the  demand  usually  becomes  less  and  ceases  altogether  with  the 
termination  of  the  growing  season.     The  crops  grown  in  any  locality 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  25 

influence  the  distribution  of  the  demand  for  irrigation  waters  through 
the  season,  affecting  the  frequency  with  which  exactions  are  made  upon 
the  accessory  supply  and  the  amounts  demanded,  and  these  water- 
needs  give  characteristic  variations  from  these  general  considerations. 
According  to  their  developed  habits,  agricultural  plants  spring  from  the 
dormant  life  of  the  winter  period  or  evolve  from  the  latent  life  of  the 
seed,  starting  from  quiescence  at  various  times  during  the  advancing 
and  unfolding  of  the  growth-stimulating  weather  of  the  summer  season. 
The  time  required  to  mature  the  plant  from  the  instant  life  first  stirs 
in  the  seedling,  or  from  the  initial  appearance  of  vitality  in  the  dormant 
rooted-plant,  to  harvest  laden  stage,  diffei-s  with  ^e  many  crops  from 
about  sixty  days,  to  the  entire  growing  season.  As  a  consequence,  the 
demand  for  irrigation  water  varies  with  the  needs  of  different  crops 
that  are  grown.  In  extensive  agricultural  di.stricts  the  proportional 
areas  planted  to  crops  of  the  several  kinds  may  differ  and  water 
requirements  be  affected  likewise. 

Due  to  the  variable  stream  flow  that  occurs  during  the  season,  irriga- 
tion use  of  the  past  has  conformed  to  a  considerable  extent  with  the 
availability  of  water  in  the  streams.  During  the  spring,  while  the 
supply  in  the  stream  channels  is  ample,  an  excessive  amount  of  water 
has  often  been  applied  to  the  cropped  land  in  anticipation  of  the 
shortage  to  come  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  With  a  short  supply 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  season,  the  past  use  has  been  generally  less 
than  the  desirable  amount.  The  distribution  of  the  use  of  irrigation 
water,  in  both  frequency  and  amount,  as  recorded  in  the  measurements 
on  various  .systems,  does  not  always,  therefore,  represent  the  demand 
under  conditions  of  a  favorable  supply. 


26  WATER   RESOUliCEb   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

CHAPTER   V. 


IRRIGATION    REQUIREMENTS    OF    AGRICULTURAL    LANDS. 

The  quantity  of  water  adequate  for  supporting  a  growing  crop  to 
an  harvestable  maturity,  intrinsically  a  variable,  .small  in  the  amount 
actually  incorporated  into  the  plant  structure  and  its  products,  large 
in  the  amount  dissipated  in  supplying  the  plant  needs,  may  best  be 
derived  from  the  results  of  experience  and  practice.  California's 
agricultural  lands,  deficient  in  natural  moisture,  and  requiring  the 
application  of  accessory  water  through  irrigation  to  produce  the  luxuri- 
ant growth  and  abundance  of  fruit  which  their  propitious  climate  and 
responsive  soil  make  possible,  have  received  varying  quantities  of 
water.  The  amount  applied  on  the  sundry  tracts  in  the  various  localities, 
differs  widely  with  all  the  circumstances  and  conditions  affecting  the 
use  of  water.  From  the  average  use  of  water  obtainnig  over  large 
areas,  sufficiently  great  to  suppress  the  predominance  of  effects  peculiar 
to  small  parcels;  natural  divisions  of  the  state,  sixteen  in  number,  were 
evolved,  called  duty  of  water  sections.  These  sections  comprise  within 
their  boundaries  lands  of  approximately  like  geographical  position, 
similar  surface  conformation,  of  analagous  economic  environment,  and 
equal  climate,  and  the.y  form  convenient  segregations  for  the  disclosure 
of  the  irrigation  requirements  of  California's  agricultural  lands. 
Delineated  on  Plate  V,^  the  section  boundaries  show  as  red  lines  follow- 
ing natural  dividing  conformations,  and  the  agricidtural  lands  show  as 
light  green  areas  within  the  delimiting  red  lines.  Letters  within 
circles,  shown  interspersed  throughout  the  green  areas  on  the  map. 
give  the  location  of  individual  irrigation  systems  or  of  divers  tracts 
of  land  for  which  data  have  been  collected  on  actual  use  of  water  and 
on  proposed  uses.  A  searching  inquiry  covering  the  accumulated 
records  of  California's  use  of  water  has  been  completed.  Comprehen- 
sively planned,  it  includes  all  procurable  measurements,  and,  con- 
taining a  preponderance  of  information,  it  results  in  practical  values 
on  the  irrigation  requirements  of  California's  agricultural  lands.  These 
accumulated  records  are  the  summation  of  the  labors  of  innumerable 
engineers  and  hydrographers,  and  cover  the  major  portion  of  the  past 
two  decades.  The  water  measurements,  both  net  and  gross,  were  taken 
over  an  area  that  equals  more  than  half  the  lands  irrigated  in  the 
State  of  California  in  1919.  The  records  of  monthly  use  of  the  yearly 
supply  apply  to  an  equally  great  area  of  land  and  for  an  interval  of 
time  that  is  equivalent  to  a  consecutive  period  of  over  five  years. 

The  net  amount  of  water  applied  on  an  average  area  of  2,210,000 
acres  of  land  for  an  average  of  three  and  eighth-tenths  years,  supple- 
mented by  one  and  nine-tenths  years  of  record  on  ten  systems  of 
indeterminate  acreage,  has  been  assembled  in  Table  8,  "Use  of  Water  as 
Measured  on  Various  Syistems,"  together  with  the  crops  grown  and 
the  distribution  of  the  water  used  through  the  months  of  the  year. 
Also  included  in  Table  8,  are  one  hundred  sixty-nine  proposals  on  net 
use  of  water  for  one  hundred  and  nine  projects  scattered  over  the  state. 

'"Map  of  Agi-icuUural  Areas  and  Duty  of  Water  Sections." 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA.  27 

The  monthly  use  of  water  comprises  the  records  obtained  on  an 
average  area  of  2,660.000  acres  for  an  average  of  five  and  six-tenths 
years,  plus  two  and  four-tenths  years  of  record  on  forty-six  systems 
of  indeterminate  acreage,  and  fifty  proposals  covering  twenty-eight 
projects. 

The  gross  use 'of  water  on  California's  agricultural  lands  are  the 
records  of  an  average  area  of  2,690,000  acres  for  an  average  of  seven 
and  one-half  years,  together  with  two  and  one-tenth  years  of  record 
on  ten  .s.ystems  of  an  indeterminate  acreage,  and  supplemented  by  one 
hundred  and  nine  proposals  for  seventy-six  projects. 

The  tracts  of  land  on  areas  within  irrigation  systems  for  which 
measurements  were  obtained,  are  arranged  in  the  table  in  groups  as 
they  lie  within  the  confines  of  the  duty  of  water  sections.  Each  entry 
in  this  table  is  symbolized  by  a  letter  which  indicates  the  position 
occupied  on  the  map  by  this  land  within  the  duty  of  water  section.  For 
convenience  of  reference.  Table  7,  "Index  bj'  Sections  and  Key  Let- 
ters on  Map,  Plate  V,  to  Systems  Listed  in  Tables  8  and  9  on  Use  of 
Water,"  lists  the  irrigation  systems  in  the  order  of  the  duty  of  water 
section  and  letter  symbol  of  geogi-aphic  position  within  the  section. 
Table  6,  "Aphabetical  Index  to  Irrigation  Systems  Listed  in  Tables 
8  and  9  on  Use  of  Water,"  presents  the  irrigation  systems  in  the 
alphabetical  order  of  their  name. 

The  letter  symbols  of  geographic  position  also  appear  on  Plate  VI, 
"Net  Use  of  Water  as  Measured  and  Proposed  on  Various  Systems," 
on  which  is  graphically  presented  all  the  information  collected  on  the 
net  annual  use  of  water.  On  this  plate,  arranged  by  duty  of  water 
section  and  spread  in  rows,  are  upright  bars,  solid  black  in  color,  and 
resting  on  common  base  lines.  These  upwardly  drawn  bars  indicate 
by  their  height  above  the  base  line,  the  amount  of  irrigation  water 
that  was  spread  upon  the  lands  of  the  s.ystem  named  below  the  base 
of  the  bar.  Geographic  location  is  symbolized  by  the  circled  letter 
above  the  bar.  and  approximated  by  the  name  of  a  nearby  town  which 
is  above  the  rows  of  bars.  The  year  of  the  measured  use  is  placed 
under  the  base  line  at  the  foot  of  the  bar. 

The  amount  of  water  used  is  expressed  in  feet  of  depth  on  the  land, 
as  though  all  the  water  applied  during  the  entire  season  were  accumu- 
lated and  confined  at  one  time  above  the  surface  of  the  lands  irrigated. 
The  upright  bars,  representing  these  average  depths,  by  intercepting 
tan  colored  lines,  drawn  cross-wise  and  parallel  to  each  other,  indicate 
the  depths  in  feet.  The  bars  have  varying  widths  which  approxi- 
mate the  area  of  land  watered  on  the  system  for  which  the  bar  stands. 
The  narrowest  bars  apply  to  areas  of  a  thousand  acres  or  less  and  the 
widest  bars  to  greater  areas,  progressing  by  gi-aded  steps  to  the 
broadest  bar  standing  for  two  hundred  tliousand  acres  or  more.  Unless 
otherwise  specified  close  above  the  bars,  the  general  crops  of  the 
locality  were  grown  on  the  lands  irrigated,  and  without  unusual  pre- 
dominance of  any  one  variety. 

Interminglmg  with  the  black  bars  on  Plate  VI,^  are  similarly  dis- 
posed bars  of  a  tan  color,  which  are  so  distinguished  to  represent  pro- 
posed uses  of  water.  These  proposed  uses  are  the  estimates  of  irriga- 
tion engineers  whose  names  are  given  adjacent  to  the  bars.  These 
estimates  have  been  prepared  in  reporting  on  new  projects  and  are 


L 


'"Net  Use  of  Vfater  as  Measured  and  Proposed  on  Various  Systems." 


28  WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

quantities  of  water  believed  to  be  adequate  for  the  maturing  of 
harvestable  crops.  Reported  by  engineers  after  examining  and  study- 
ing the  locality,  they  are  determinations  of  the  net  volunu!  of  acces- 
sory waters  which  need  be  procured  for  the  lands.  These  qiunitities  are 
distinguished  from  tliose  represented  by  the  black  bars  in  being  esti- 
mates of  water  required,  rather  than  measurements  of  actual  use. 
The  data  for  drawing  the  tan  colored  bars  were  obtained  from  Table  9, 
"Use  of  Water  as  Proposed  for  Various  Localities,"  which  contains  all 
the  information  on  the  use  of  water,  as  proposed  by  various  investiga- 
tors, collected  in  the  statewide  search.  The  indexes  to  Tables  6'  and  7- 
include  the  entries  in  Table  9.  The  data  on  tlie  proposed  use  of  wafer 
may  be  traced  in  Taljle  6^  by  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  names 
of  the  irrigation  projects.  This  proposed  use-of-water  data  may  also 
be  located  in  Table  7-  by  using  the  duty  of  water  section  number  in 
which  the  project  lies,  together  with  the  letter  symbol  indicating  its 
position  within  the  section.  The  extensive  amount  of  information 
collected  on  the  use  of  water,  both  measi^red  and  proposed,  is  presented 
summarized  in  Table  10,  "Summary  of  Use  and  Duty  of  Water  by 
Sixteen  Sections  of  the  State,"  with  the  average  figures  tabulated 
section  by  section,  for  the  sixteen  duty  of  water  sections  of  the  state. 
Tliat  the  duty  of  water  for  each  of  the  several  sections  might  be 
derived  from  this  great  assemblage  of  information,  an  examination  of 
circumstances  and  close  scrutiny  of  the  conditions  surrounding  the 
iise  of  water  in  each  section,  was  made.  All  information  on  the  surface 
conformation,  types  and  fertility  of  soils,  crops  grown,  prevailing 
climate,  the  water  supply,  and  all  other  related  .subjects  pertinent  to 
irrigation  requirements,  was  reviewed  and  anal.vzed,  together  with  the 
measured  uses  of  water,  that  the  water  needs  of  each  section  might  be 
disclosed  through  the  values  found  for  the  duty  of  water.  The  values 
found  for  this  agricultural  need  of  supplementary  water,  together  with 
the  areas^  of  farm  land  enclosed  within  each  section  are  set  down  in 
Table  1,  "Agricultural  Area  and  Net  Duty  of  Water  in  the  Sixteen 
Sections  of  California,  shown  on  Plate  V,"  and  alsoi  in  Table  lO*. 
These  values  are  also  indicated  in  red  on  the  Map,  Plate  V^,  near  the 
center  of  each  section.  On  Plate  VI'"'.  these  duties  of  water  are  repre- 
sented by  red  cross  lines,  parallel  to  and  at  a  height  above  the  base 
line  proportional  to  the  net  duties.  For  comparison  with  these  red 
lines  representing  duties  of  water,  dotted  black  cros.s-lines  are  also 
presented.  The  black  lines  are  the  net  average  depth  of  water  used 
on  all  the  land  comprised  within  the  systems  and  for  which  measure- 
ments are  tabulated  in  Table  8^  The  dotted-tan  colored  cross  lines 
are  the  proposed  net  depth  of  water,  averaged  for  the  land  comprised 
within  the  systems  for  which  proposals  were  made.  They  are  tabulated 
in  Table  9^' 


'"Alphabetical  Index  to  Irrigation  Systems  Listed  in  Tables  8  and  9  on  Use  of 
Water." 

-"Index  b.v  Sections  and  Key  Letters  on  Map,  Plate  V,  to  Systems  Listed  in  Tables 
8  and  9   on  Use  of  Water." 

^Area.s  under  irrigatiim  in  1920  obtained  from  survey  made  by  Irrigation  Investiga- 
tions, United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  in  cooperation  with  the  then  State 
Department  of  Engineering. 

*"Sunimary  of  Use  and  Duty  of  Water  by  Sixteen  Sections  of  the  State." 

""Map  of  Agricultural  Areas  and  Duty  of  Water  Sections." 

""Net  Use  of  Water  as  Measured  and  Proposed  on  Various  Systems." 

'"Use  of  Water  as  Measured  on  Various  Systems." 

'"Use  of  Water  as  Proposed  for  Various  Localities." 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


29 


TABLE   1.     AGRICULTURAL  AREAS  AND  NET  DUTY   OF 

WATER 

in   sixteen   sections   of   California,    shown   on   Plate  V. 


Section 
number. 


Description  of  section. 


Agricultural 
area. 

Net  duty 
of  water. 

Acres. 

Feet  depth 
on  laud. 

1.310.000 

1.75 

984.000 

1.25 

1,299,000 

3.00 

1,107.000 

2.00 

657,000 

2.50 

1,800,000 

1.75 

5,468,000 

2.00 

971,000 

1.75 

410,000 

1.50 

296,000 

1,75 

530,000 

1,50 

453,000 

1.50 

2,694,000 

2,25 

2,305.000 

1.50 

624,000 

1,25 

1,598,000 

1,75 

22  506  000 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


Los  .\ngeles  area,  Ventura  to  Rediands 

San  Diego  area.  Mexican  boundary  to  San  Jacinto  and  Vucaipa 

Imperial,  Coachella  and  Palo  Verde  valleys 

.\nteIope  Valley  and  Mojave  River  areas 

Inyo-Kern,  Owens  and  Mono  valleys 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling  plains  east  and  south  of  >Sau  Joaquin  Valley  floor , 

San  Joaquin  Valley  floor 

Western  slope  of  southern  San  Joaquin  Valley 

Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Maria  and  San  Luis  Obispo  areiis 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys. 

Santa  Clara  and  adjacent  valley  areas 

Delta  lands  of  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  valleys 

Sacramento  Valley  floor 

Sierra  foothills,  and  rolling  plains  east  and  west  of  Sacramento  \'alley  floor. . 

North  coast  area. . , , 

Northeastern  mountain-vaUey  and  plateau  areas 

Total 


k 


30  WATER   RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

The  circumstauces  and  conditions  surrounding  tlie  use  oi  water  in 
each  section  through  which  the  duty  of  water  has  been  found,  is  set 
forth  section  by  section  in  Table  11,  "Illustrative  Climatological  Data 
for  Agricultural  Lands  by  Sixteen  Sections  of  the  State,"  and  also  in 
the  accompanying  summary.  This  table  and  summary  also  contain 
material  and  pertinent  facts  that  were  of  a.ssistance  in  disclosing  the 
desirable  distributiou  through  the  year  of  the  annual  irrigation  supply, 
for  each  of  the  sixteen  sections.  This  desirable  distribution,  as 
well  as  the  duty  of  water,  was  sought  in  the  measurements  of  the 
monthly  use  of  water  as  found  recorded  in  Table  8\  and  in  the  pro- 
posed monthly  use  of  water  on  the  projects  listed  in  Table  9^.  The 
black  bars,  upwardly  drawn  from  a  common  base  line  shown  on 
Plate  VII,  "Monthly  Use  of  Annual  Irrigation  Supply,"  pictures  the 
average  portions  of  the  annual  supply  used  in  each  month  of  the  year, 
section  by  section.  The  height  of  these  black  bars,  by  intercept- 
ing the  tan  colored  cross  lines,  indicate  the  fractional  part  used  in 
that  month,  of  the  total  use  for  the  year.  They  are  expressed  in  per 
cent  for  the  successive  months  and  cover  the  projects  for  which 
measurements  are  noted  in  Table  8\  Intermingled  with  these  black 
bars  are  tan  colored  bars  also  upright,  whose  height,  in  likewise  inter- 
cepting the  tan  colored  cross  lines,  gives  the  average  of  proposed  uses 
of  water  within  the  section,  in  the  same  terms  as  the  black  bars.  The 
values  found  for  the  desirable  monthly  distribution  of  the  annual 
supply  through  consideration  of  these  data,  is  depicted  graphically  on 
Plate  VII  by  a  red  line  drawn  step  by  step  and  from  month  to  mouth 
for  each  of  the  sixteen  sections.  This  red  line,  expressed  in  the  same 
terms  as  the  black  and  tan  bars,  mounts  to  heights  above  the  base,  in 
each  succeeding  month  to  indicate  by  its  position,  the  portion  of  the 
annual  supply  which  it  is  desirable  to  use  in  that  month.  The  values 
found  are  also  printed  in  Table  2,  "Desirable  Monthly  Distribution 
of  Annual  Supply  According  to  Duty  of  Water  in  Sixteen  Sections 
of  California,  shown  on  Plate  V." 

The  data  establishing  the  average  annual  net  duty  of  water  and  the 
desirable  portion  to  be  used  each  month  for  the  sixteen  sections  of 
the  state  have  been  largely  presented  on  Plates  III  to  VII,  inclusive,  and 
Tables  4  to  11,  inclusive.  However,  there  are  many  considerations  of 
topography,  soil,  climate,  economic  and  other  conditions,  which  influ- 
ence these  deductions.  These  considerations  are  here  summarized  for 
each  section. 


'"Use  of  Water  as  Measured  on  Various  Systems." 
="Use  of  Water  as  Proposed  for  Various  Localities." 


H 

g 

O 
H 

O 

Z 
I— I 

g 

o 
o 
o 

< 

Ok 


V) 


< 

cu 

t3 

^ 

z 

c 

1 

O 

a; 

3 
a 
C 
0 

5 
^ 

H 

u 

p) 

Uh 

«*-l 

OQ 

o 

0 

HH 

o: 

0 

H 

4-1 

C/J 

u 

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in 

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>H 

■w 

_) 

■•; 

a: 

n 

H 

z 

o 

s 

u 

hJ 

l-H 

Q 


s 


WATER    RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  2. 


31 


CO         "M         CO 


lO         "3         »0 


M  M 


♦->         OS         O         (7>         lO 


■"*•       00       c-1       ca 


(MCOtNOO-^OOcOO 


'^COOOCOcOiOiOtOcOiOiO 


^)    O    O 


C^   CO   o   to   «o   <:c   r—   t— 


lO    OO    to    lO 


Ir^   Ir-   QO   O   O   O 


tn      c-t      ^o 


co»~-eoir»co»OOMM^ 


CO   cs   »0 


CO    M    CO 


<M    M    M 


-H    CO    CI    (M    •-•    <N 


^   -I3 


2^5 


=   b   S-, 


&   H   = 


Q  eg  »  ^;  s; 


32  WATER   RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

SECTION   1. 
LOS    ANGELES    AREA,    VENTURA    TO    REDLANDS. 

Total    agricultural    area    1,310,000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920-_    669,000  acres 

Section  1  lies  south  of  Tehachapi  Pass  and  is  disposed  about  the  city  of 
Los  Angeles,  the  metropolis  of  southern  California.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  west  and  south  by  the  ocean,  and  it  extends  from  the  Pacific  littoral 
to  include  agricultural  valleys  that  are  situated  on  the  western  slope 
of  San  Bernardino  Range.  Almost  all  of  Orange  and  one-half  of 
Ventura  and  Los  Angeles  counties,  together  with  portions  of  Riverside 
and  San  Bernardino  counties,  are  in  this  section.  It  comprises  the 
drainage  basin  of  the  lower  half  of  the  Santa  Clara  River  and  most  of 
the  area  drained  by  the  Ventura,  Los  Angeles,  San  Gabriel,  and  Santa 
Ana  rivers. 

This  section  includes  the  coastal  plains  of  Ventura,  Los  Angeles  and 
Orange  counties,  and  the  interior  valleys  of  San  Fernando,  San 
Gabriel,  Pomona,  Cueamonga  and  San  Bernardino.  The  upper 
margins  of  these  valleys  ai-e  between  elevations  of  from  1000  to 
1500  feet,  and  this,  with  the  relatively  .short  distance  required  to 
arrive  at  this  altitude,  gives  rise  to  steep  slopes,  with  the  result  that  the 
larger  portion  of  the  irrigated  lands  of  this  section  have  favorable 
drainage. 

The  mountains  of  the  section  are  of  a  granitic  formation.  The 
subsidiary  hills,  more  dispersed  and  less  elevated,  are  sedimentary, 
consisting  mainly  of  shales  and  conglomerates.  The  predominant  soils, 
derived  from  the  weathering,  attrition,  conveyance  and  deposition  of  the 
rock  composing  these  mountains,  are,  therefore,  of  granitic  origin  and 
may  vary  from  a.  disintegrated  granite  near  the  hills  to  a  sandy  loam 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  estuaries,  while  the  soils  which  originate  in  the 
shale  formations,  show  a  finer  texture  in  which  clay  and  adobe  are 
prominent. 

The  climate  prevailing  over  the  agricultural  lands  comprised  in 
this  section  is  tempered  by  the  proximity  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Sea- 
sonal fluctuations  of  temperatures  are  moderate,  winter  temperatures 
below  freezing  are  infrequent  and  of  short  duration,  and  on  the  table 
lands  bordering  the  coast,  frosts  are  very  exceptional.  The  coastal 
I)lains  and  plateaus  are  subject  to  fre(iuent  fogs  and  heavy  dew,  even 
during  the  dry  season;  the  bottom  lands  of  the  interior  valleys  are 
subject  to  occasional  frosts,  but  the  thermal  belt  on  the  foothill  lands 
is  practically  frost-free.  The  summer  temperatures  are  highest  in 
August,  during  which  the  mean  monthly  average  is  73  degrees  for  this 
section,  while  the  lowest  temperatures  occur  in  January,  for  which  the 
mean  monthly  temperature  is  52  degrees.  The  average  seasonal  rainfall 
of  the  plains  and  valleys  is  about  fifteen  inches,  with  a  minimum  of 
about  nine  inches  and  a  maximum  of  over  thirty  inches. 

The  active  growing  season  is  comprised  within  the  period  of  March 
to  October;  however,  on  the  thermal  belt  of  the  foothills,  citrus  trees 
have  a  perennial  seasonal  growth,  and  on  the  plateau  lands  along  the 
coast,  vegetables  are  raised  throughout  the  year.  The  culture  of  citrus 
trees,  deciduous  fruits,  alfalfa,  together  with  garden  produce,  are  the 


■WATER    RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA.  33 

principal  agricultural  enterprises.  Marl^et  facilities  are  exceptionally 
good,  the  country  being  interspersed  with  cities  and  population  centers. 
Cooperative  marketing  has  also  been  developed  to  an  effective  degree. 
The  electric  lines  that  are  spread  throughout  this  section,  together 
with  the  branch  and  feeder  lines  of  two  transcontinental  railway 
systems  that  traverse  it.  their  many  stations  and  sidings,  give  excep- 
tional opportunity  for  the  transporting  of  freight  shipments.  The 
section  is  crossed  and  ret  rossed  by  hard  surfaced  highways,  which  gives 
facility  for  conveyance  by  motor :  and  through  its  ocean  harbor,  and  its 
docks  and  wharves  with  their  loading  ecjuipment,  it  has  direct  access  to 
ocean  transport. 

The  water  supplies  that  have  been  developed,  have  not  been  sufficient 
to  meet  the  demands  of  the  entire  irrigable  area.  There  are,  however, 
large  volumes  of  flood  water  not  yet  utilized.  In  former  years 
the  main  water  supply  was  derived  from  the  surface  streams. 
These  surface  waters  are  not  only  limited  in  volume,  but  also  extremely 
erratic  in  flow,  depending  upon  seasonal  rainfall.  The  result  is  a 
stream  flow  which  rapidly  decreases  during  the  summer  months.  The 
absence  of  adequate  reservoir  sites  in  both  the  San  Gabriel  and  San 
Bernardino  ranges,  and  the  existence  of  ground  water  basins  of  large 
capacity,  which  are  well  adapted  for  water  storage,  have  developed  in 
this  region  the  practice  of  spreading  flood  waters  over  the  gravel 
beds  at  and  below  the  mouths  of  the  canyons.  The  spread  waters,  after 
penetrating  the  surface  soil,  percolate  to  greater  depths  and  become 
available  for  use  through  pumping  from  wells.  This  method  of 
replenishment  and  retention  of  the  underground  storage  for  deferred 
u.se,  is  finding  a  more  and  more  extensive  application. 

All  of  the  main  valleys  and  the  entire  coastal  plain  consist  of  alluvial 
deposits  of  great  depth,  which  are  suitable  for  the  absoi'ption  of 
flood  and  rain  waters.  The  past  twenty  j'ears  have  seen  the  develop- 
ment of  these  ground  water  sources  on  an  unprecedented  scale  through 
the  sinking  of  thousands  of  wells,  some  of  them  to  nearly  two  thousand 
feet  in  depth,  and  the  installation  of  modern  pumping  equipment,  so 
that  today  over  sixty  per  cent  of  the  irrigation  and  domestic  supply  is 
derived  from  subterranean  sources.  The  relatively  small  cost  of  the 
development  of  individual  ground  water  supplies,  has  made  feasible 
this  t\-pe  of  irrigation  supply  for  small  ranches. 

Irrigation  is  necessary  throughout  this  section  to  secure  a  crop  yield 
commensurate  in  value  with  the  price  of  the  land.  The  amount  of 
irrigation  water  actually  applied  to  the  land  varies  from  six  to  twelve 
inches  for  bean  crops  and  deciduous  fruits,  to  as  much  as  eighteen  inches 
for  citrus  fruits  and  thirty  inches  for  alfalfa.  The  available  water  has 
been  rather  effectively  used,  and,  due  to  the  surface  slopes  and  the  soil's 
texture  that  gives  the  favorable  drainage  prevailing  in  this  section,  it 
has  been  possible  to  collect  and  re-use  .some  waters  after  their  initial 
application.  In  localities  adjacent  to  the  coa.st  the  stored  soil-moisture 
is  conserved  by  the  high  humidit.v,  and  the  fogs  and  mists  that  occur  at 
certain  intervals.  Scarcity  of  water  has  required  the  effectual  use 
made  of  it  in  this  section ;  a  large  portion  of  the  acreage  brings  crops 
to  maturity  with  a  water  use  of  one  foot  or  less. 

The  mean  of  the  measured  net  annual  use  for  the  entire  section  is 
1.62  feet  in  depth.     This  quantity  is  slightly  less  than  that  required 

3-202ri 


34  WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

to  olitain  full  crop  productiou.  This  lesser  use  of  water  results,  in 
part,  from  the  ismaller  demand  made  by  acreages  planted  to  young 
orchards  and  by  groves  which  have  not  reached  mature  growth.  The 
net  duty  for  this  section  is  therefore  1.75  feet. 

The  monthlj'  distribution  of  the  accessory  water  supplies,  in  per  cent 
of  the  entire  seasonal  use,  i.s  well  indicated  by  the  present  and 
past  use  on  existing  irrigation  systems.  On  some  of  these  systems 
the  luitural  stream  How  has  been  supplemented  b.v  storage,  and  on 
many  projects  the  available  surface  Avaters  have  been  greatly  en- 
hanced by  the  development  of  underground  waters.  This  regulation 
and  -augmentation  has  resulted  in  a  fairly  adequate  water  supply 
throughout  the  irrigation  season. 

The  desirable  monthly  use  in  per  cent  of  total  seasonal  supply,  is, 
therefore : 

January    3  per  cent 

February    3  per  cent 

March   3   per  cent 

April    7  per  cent 

May 12  per  cent 

June 14   per  cent 

July 15  per  cent 

August    14  per  cent 

September    12   per  cent 

October 9   per  cent 

November 5  per  cent 

December 3  per  cent 


SECTION  2. 

SAN     DIEGO    AREA,    MEXICAN    BOUNDARY    TO    SAN    JACINTO    AND 

YUCAIPA. 

Total   agricultural   area 984,000  acres 

Area   under    irrigation    in    1920 96,000  acres 

This  section  contains  almost  all  of  Saa  Diego  County,  portions  of 
Riverside,  Orange  and  San  Bernardino  counties,  and  comprises  within 
its  boundaries,  the  drainage  basins  of  Sweetwater,  San  Diego,  San 
Dieguito,  San  Luis  Rey,  Santa  Margarita  and  San  Jacinto  rivers,  all 
of  which  flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by 
Mexico,  on  the  east  by  the  San  Jacinto  and  San  Diego  mountain 
ranges,  on  the  northeast  by  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  agricultural  lands  of  this  section  lie  on  the  coastal  plains,  on 
the  foothill  slopes  rising  from  these  plains,  and  in  the  foothills  and 
mountain  valleys  of  the  San  Bernardinos.  The  parcels  of  farming 
land  adjacent  to  the  coast  cover  a  strip  some  seventy  miles  in  length, 
and  from  twenty  to  thirty  miles  wide.  The  agricultural  areas  of 
valley  land  are  located  inland  a  distance  of  approximately  thirty-five 
miles  from  the  ocean  and  include  the  interior  valley  of  the  San  Jacinto 
river  and  the  Hemet,  Lakeview,  Perris,  Elsinore  and  Temecula  valleys. 
The  table  lands  along  the  coast  have  a  compact,  impervious  sub- 
soil ;  the  lands  of  both  the  coast  and  interior  valleys  in  many  instances 
have  subsoils  of  dense  texture. 

The  mean  annual  rainfall  ranges  from  about  ten  inches  for  the 
coastal  lands  to  a  maximum  of  about  forty  inches  in  the  higher  moun- 


WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNU.  35 

tain  areas.  Most  of  the  agricultural  lands  on  which  irrigation  is  now 
practiced  have  a  mean  annual  precipitation  of  less  than  eighteen  inches. 
The  proximity  of  the  ocean  has  its  influence  in  suppressing  the  ex- 
tremes of  summer  and  winter  temperature.  The  seasonal  variation  of 
temperature  in  departing  so  slightly  from  the  mean,  is  conducive  of  long 
growing  season  which  permits  double  cropping.  The  culture  of  vege- 
tables during  the  winter  months  is  being  more  widely  practiced.  Por- 
tions of  the  coastal  area  and  lower  interior  valleys  are  well  adapted  to 
citrus  culture.  The  more  remote  interior  valleys  have  occasional  frosts 
and  for  this  reason  are  more  suitable  to  the  raising  of  alfalfa  and 
deciduous  fruits. 

The  transportation  facilities  are  the  main  and  branch  lines  of  two 
transcontinental  railroads.  ^larketing  facilities  are  good  along  the 
coast.  The  principal  city,  San  Diego,  situated  on  a  salt  water  bay,  has 
docks,  wharves  and  freight-transfer  equipment  and  an  extensive  ocean 
commerce. 

There  are  no  appreciable  areas  of  water-logged  lands  in  this  section. 
The  available  water  suppl.v  along  the  coast  is  limited.  In  the  coastal 
valley,  surface  storage  of  flood  waters  is  practiced  while  underground 
storage  is  limited  by  the  shallow  depth  of  the  alluvial  fill.  In  the 
interior  valle.ys  both  surface  and  ground  water  storage  is  utilized. 
The  scarceness  of  the  supply  has  developed  a  high  standard  of  irriga- 
tion practice  and  intensive  cultivation  of  the  soil.  The  trend  of  develop- 
ment is  toward  small  farms  of  ten  to  forty  acres,  although  there  are 
still  a  number  of  large  grants  which  have  not  been  subdivided. 

The  use  of  water  is  from  six  inches  to  two  feet.  The  average 
measured  net  annual  use  is  1.26  feet  in  depth;  it  represents  past 
practice  and  is  the  mean  of  sixty-three  records  for  an  aggregate  area 
of  321,700  acres.  The  use  has  been  to  some  extent  limited  by  the 
scarcity  and  high  cost  of  water.  These  conditions  will  continue  to 
exist,  for  the  available  water  supply  is  small  as  compared  to  the  total 
area  of  agricultural  lands.  This  favoi-s  future  development  taking 
place  along  the  Pacific  coastal  plains  where  the  climatic  conditions 
and  the  adaptable  crops  favor  a  small  water  recjuirement.  As  the 
country  becomes  more  intensively  developed,  it  is  probable  that  the 
culture  of  alfalfa  will  give  way  to  orchards,  vegetables  and  grapes, 
which  require  less  irrigation  water.  These  considerations  disclose 
that  the  average  net  duty  for  this  section  is  1.25  feet  in  depth. 

The  monthly  use  of  irrigation  water  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal 
use,  is  well  indicated  by  the  past  use  on  lands  which  have  been  served 
with  a  controlled  water  supply,  and  is: 

January 2  per  cent 

February 2  per  cent 

March 3  per  cent 

April 7  per  cent 

May 13  per  cent 

June 14  per  cent 

July 15  per  cent 

August 14  per  cent 

September 13  per  cent 

October 10  per  cent 

November   5  per  cent 

December 2  per  cent 


36  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

SECTION   3. 
IMPERIAL,  COACHELLA  AND   PALO   VERDE  VALLEYS. 

Total    agricultural    area    1,299,000  acres 

Area  under  irrigation  in  1920 524,000  acres 

This  section  is  located  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  California.  It 
lies  east  of  the  San  Bernardino  Range,  is  bounded  on  the  south  by 
Mexico,  on  the  east  by  Arizona,  and  includes  the  agricultural  lands 
reclaimed  from  the  Saltoii  Sink,  and  a  strip  of  bottom  and  plateau 
lands  that  border  the  Colorado  River.  It  comprises  over  one-half 
of  Imperial  County,  and  portions  of  San  Bernardino,  San  Diego  and 
Riverside  counties.  The  principal  agricultural  areas  lie  in  Imperial, 
Palo  Verde  and  Coachella  valleys. 

Imperial  Valley,  the  most  extensive  body  of  agricultural  land  in 
this  section,  is  in  Imperial  County  between  the  Salton  Sea  and  the 
Mexican  boundary.  This  valley  is  at  or  below  sea  level  and  comprises 
part  of  the  delta  of  the  Colorado  River.  The  soil  varies  from  a  very 
fine,  sandy  loam  to  a  hard  clay.  The  region  has  practically  no  rain- 
fall and  is  entirely  without  local  water  supply. 

Palo  Verde  Valley  is  located  along  the  western  bank  of  the  Colorado 
River  and  is  the  most  easterly  of  the  three  principal  agricultural 
valleys  in  Section  3.  This  valley  lies  partly  in  Riverside  and  partly 
in  Imperial  County.  The  .soils  of  the  bottom  lands  which  are  contiguous 
to  the  Colorado  River,  are  exclusively  the  deposit  of  this  river  and  are 
lighter  and  more  easily  tilled  than  some  of  the  Imperial  Valley  soils. 
The  Palo  Verde  table  lands,  which  are  located  in  the  western  portion 
of  the  valley  away  from  the  river  and  above  the  bottom  lands,  are  of 
a  different  formation,  and  have  their  origin  in  the  Chuckawalla  Ranges. 

Coachella  Valley,  in  Riverside  County,  is  located  northwest  from 
Imperial  Valley  and  west  of  the  Palo  Verde  Valley  and  extends  from 
the  vicinity  of  Palm  Springs  east  of  San  Gorgonio  Pass,  at  an  elevation 
of  about  1200  feet,  to  the  Salton  Sea  on  the  south,  which  is  250  feet 
below  sea  level.  This  valley  has  been  built  up  by  the  deposits  of  the 
Whitewater  River  and  its  tributaries,  wdiich  originate  in  the  granitic 
formations  of  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains  to  the  northwest  and  San 
Bernardino  ilouutains  to  the  north,  although  some  of  the  minor 
tributaries  find  their  origin  in  the  clay  hills  which  border  the  valley 
along  the  northeast  boundary. 

Because  of  the  low  elevation  of  the  farming  lands  of  both  the 
Imperial  Valley  and  Palo  Verde  Valley  relative  to  the  Colorado  River, 
which  forms  the  only  possible  water  exit  for  these  areas,  the  natural 
drainage  is  defective.  Much  water-logging  of  agricultural  land  has 
already  taken  place.  Extensive  drainage  works  are  under  construction 
that  these  conditions  may  be  remedied.  Coachella  Valley,  with  its 
sandy  soil  and  subsoil,  has  very  favorable  drainage  conditions.  The 
great  depth  to  ground  water  in  this  valley  is,  in  part,  the  result  of 
withdrawal  of  ground  waters  through  pumping.  There  are,  however, 
bottom  lands  in  the  Coachella  Valley,  near  the  Salton  Sea,  where  the 
drainage  is  not  so  satisfactory,  and  the  ground  waters  are  close  to  the 
surface  of  the  soil. 


S 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  37 

The  winters  in  these  valleys  are  mild  throughont  the  day,  but  night 
temperatures  are  low  and  frosts  occur  occasionally  during  the  months 
of  December,  Januaiy  and  part  of  February.  There  is,  however,  a 
markedly  higher  prevailing  winter  temperature  over  the  high  table 
lands  which  girdle  the  valleys  of  the  Imperial  and  Palo  Verde.  This 
hisher  temperature  is  found  also  in  the  sandhill  regions  and  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Coachella  Valley.  The  summers  are  long  and  hot.  The 
humidity  is  very  low,  especially  during  the  summer  months.  The  main 
agricultural  areas  of  this  section  have  a  negligible  rainfall,  the  mean 
precipitation  being  less  than  four  inches;  however,  the  snowcapped 
mountains  of  the  San  Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino  on  the  north  and 
northwest,  receive  a  seasonal,  though  irregular  precipitation  on  their 
desert  slopes.  These  rainfalls  are  of  high  intensity,  but  of  short 
duration,  and  are  of  a  type  that  produces  an  extremel.y  erratic  run-off. 

The  growing  season  extends  practicall.y  throughout  the  j'ear,  though 
some  agricultural  plants  are  more  or  less  dormant  during  the  months 
of  December  and  January.  The  standard  crops  are  alfalfa,  corn,  grain, 
cotton,  melons,  vegetables  and  grapes,  with  some  citrus  and  deciduous 
fruits.  The  date  industry  has  become  prominent  in  Coachella  Valley 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Imperial  Valley.  Coachella  Valley  and 
Palo  Verde  Valley  are  each  served  by  one  transcontinental  railroad. 
Imperial  Valley  has  one  transcontinental  line,  besides  several  branch 
and  feeder  lines,  and  all  three  districts  are  well  situated  as  to  market- 
ing centers  and  freight  shipping  points.  There  are  numerous  pre- 
cooling  plants  and  vegetable  and  fruit  storage  plants  which  are 
adequately  equipped  for  the  icing  of  transcontinental  refrigerator 
trains  that  take  on  their  loads  of  agricultural  products  in  this  district. 

In  Imperial  and  Palo  Verde  valleys,  farming  is  at  present  conducted 
on  comparatively  large  units  of  land,  that  is,  160  to  320  acres  and  more 
in  extent.    The  subdividing  of  these  largo  units  into  smaller  tracts  has 

I  been  in  progress  as  crops,  other  than  alfalfa,  grain  or  cotton,  are  raised. 
In  the  Coachella  Valley  small  ranches  and  intensive  cultivation  are 
the  rule.  The  available  water  supply  is  pumped  from  wells  or  is 
derived  from  artesian  flow,  and  is  limited.  It  is,  however,  feasible  to 
supply  the  Coachella  Valley  from  the  Colorado  River,  and  this  source 
of  water  supply  is  under  investigation  by  the  Ignited  States  Reclama- 
tion Service.  Both  Palo  Verde  and  Imperial  Valley  receive  their  water 
supply  from  the  Colorado  River,  although  this  sometimes  drops  below 
the  flow  required  to  satisfy  the  demand  during  the  month  of  September. 
Water  is  being  less  wastefuUy  used  as  farming  methods  improve, 
particularly  in  Imperial  Valley  and  Palo  Verde  Valley,  while  in  Coa- 
chella Valley  the  scant  supply  tends  toward  an  economical  use  of  water. 
The  soil  of  the  Coachella  Valley  is  unusually  porous  and  has  free  iinder- 
ground  drainage,  so  that  the  quantities  used  are  greater  than  in  the 
other  valleys.  The  average  use  of  water  on  the  land  in  Imperial  Valley 
and  Palo  Verde  Valley,  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  2.5  to  3  feet  in  depth, 
while  in  Coachella  Valley  the  average  use,  on  small  areas  of  sandy 
soils  with  free  underground  drainage,  has  been  nearly  five  feet  in  depth. 
The  average  net  annual  use  which  represents  past  practice  is  2.91  feet. 
This  is  the  mean  of  51  records,  equivalent  to  one  year's  measurements 
on  2,588,000  acres. 


38  WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Because  of  the  deficiency  in  the  water  supply  during  the  late  summer 
and  early  fall  months  of  some  years,  the  use  has  been  less  than  that 
which  would  obtain  with  an  ample  supply  for  the  entire  seasoji;  on  the 
other  hand  with  abundant  water  in  the  early  summer  months,  crreater 
amounts  have  been  used  than  were  needed.  The  average  net  duty  for 
this  section  is,  therefore,  3.0  feet  in  depth. 

Modified  to  improve  the  late  summer  deficiency,  the  past  use  in 
Imperial  Valley  and  the  use  obtaining  close  at  hand  on  the  Salt  River 
and  Yuma  projects  in  Arizona,  disclose  that  the  desirable  average 
monthly  use  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal  supply  is : 

January 3   per  cent 

February     5  per  cent 

March 7  per  cent 

April S  per  cent 

May 10  per  cent 

June 12  per  cent 

July 13  per  cent 

August 13   per  cent 

September 12  per  cent 

October 9  per  cent 

November    5  per  cent 

December 3  per  cent 


SECTION  4. 
ANTELOPE    VALLEY   AND    MOJAVE    RIVER    AREA. 

Total  agricultural  area 1,107,000  acres 

Area  under  irrisation  in  1920 22,000  acres 

This  section  is  south  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  east  of  the  Tehacbapi 
Pass  and  north  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  comprises  por- 
tions of  Kern,  San  Bernardino  and  Los  Angeles  counties.  The  irrigable 
agricultural  lands  lie  in  Antelope  and  Victor  valleys  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  ilojave  Desert.  These  lands  are  located  at  the  general 
altitude  of  3000  feet.  The  most  fertile  sections  are  the  northern 
slopes  of  the  mountains  which  have  a  soil  of  disintegrated  granite, 
while  the  bottom  lands  show  heavier  soils  sometimes  impregnated  with 
alkali. 

The  climatic  characteristics  are  high  temperatures  throughout  a 
large  part  of  the  year,  a  long  hot  summer,  winters  with  occasional 
frosts  and  .severe  wind  storms,  a  low  humidity,  and  a  very  meager 
rainfall.  The  northern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Gabriel 
mountains  receive  seasonal  rains.  The  daily  range  of  temperature  is 
very  great. 

Agriculture  is  impossible  without  irrigation.  There  are  but  few 
continuously  flowing  streams  in  or  near  the  agricultural  areas,  but 
subterranean  waters  are  procurable  from  wells,  in  limited  quantities. 
Only  about  two  per  cent  of  the  agricultural  area  is  irrigated.  Of  this, 
less  than  one-third  is  supplied  bv  gravity  water,  the  remainder  receiving 
its  accessory  supply  through  draft  on  the  ground  waters  underlying 
the  agricultural  lands. 

Antelope  Valley  in  the  western  portion  and  Victor  Valley  in  the 
southern  portion  of  this  section,  produce  alfalfa  and  deciduous  fruits 


WATER    RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA.  39 

such  as  pears,  apricots,  almonds  and  apples.  The  marketing  facilities 
are  adequate,  the  district  being  traversed  by  the  main  line  of  v  railroad. 

The  severity  of  the  desert  climate  and  the  deficient  water  supply 
have  put  natural  limitations  on  the  development  of  this  section,  and 
large  areas  will  undoubtedly  remain  uncultivated  for  the  want  of 
irrigation  water.  The  measured  average  net  annual  iLse  is  1.39  feet. 
This  is  the  mean  of  records  for  the  equivalent  of  one  season's  measure- 
ments on  an  area  of  6,500  acres.  A  considerably  larger  quantity  of 
water  is  required  for  full  production  of  general  crops,  but  the  available 
water  supply  is  very  limited  so  that  undoubtedly,  crops  requiring  the 
least  irrigation  water  will  be  grown.  From  these  considerations  the 
average  net  duty  is  disclosed  as  2.0  feet  in  depth. 

The  average  monthly  use  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal  supply  is 
revealed  from  the  consideration  of  the  growing  period,  monthly  tem- 
peratures, precipitation,  probable  crops  to  be  grown  and  a  comparison 
with  the  use  in  other  localities,  and  is : 

January 0  per  cent 

February 0  per  cent 

March 3  per  cent 

April 10  per  cent 

May 16  per  cent 

June   IS  per  cent 

July 20  per  cent 

Au^st 18  per  cent 

September 10  per  cent 

October 5  per  cent 

November    0  per  cent 

December 0  per  cent 


SECTION   5. 
INYO-KERN,    OWENS   AND    MONO    VALLEYS. 

Total  agricultural  area 657,000  acres 

Area  under  irrigation  in  1920_..    136,000  acres 

This  section  lies  east  of  the  crest  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
south  of  Lake  Tahoe,  and  comprises  all  of  Alpine  and  Mono  counties 
and  portions  of  Inyo  County.  The  section  extends  from  the  north  end 
of  Alpine  Countv  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Inyo-Kern  Valley  in  Kern 
Countv,  an  approximate  distance  of  225  miles.  The  principal  agricul- 
tural areas  are  located  in  the  valleys  of  Walker  River  and  :Mono  Lake, 
in  Mono  Countv,  in  the  various  subdivisions  of  Owens  Valley,  and  m 
Inyo-Kern  Vallev.  The  altitude  varies  from  about  25uu  teet  in  Inyo- 
Kern  Valley  to  6500  feet  in  the  East  Walker  area.  The  average  annual 
precipitation  is  less  than  seven  inches.  There  is  in  the  higher  valleys  a 
well-defined  winter  season.  Stock  raising  and  the  growing  of  stock 
feed  to  supplement  the  native  grass  on  the  range,  constitute  the  chief 
agricultural  pursuit.  The  irrigable  areas  in  the  northern  part  of  this 
lo'iig  narrow  section  are  to  be  found  on  the  tributaries  of  streams  flow- 
ing into  Nevada,  thus,  in  Alpine  County,  several  thousand  acres  are 
irrigated  from  the  west  and  east  forks  of.  Carson  River,  and  in  the 
Antelope  and  Bridgeport  regions,  a  much  larger  area  is  watered  by  the 
tributaries  of  Walker  River.    Mono  Lake,  at  an  elevation  of  6400  feet 


40  WATKR    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

and  iiaving  an  area  of  54,000  acres,  is  fed  chiefly  by  streams  flowing 
from  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  The  lake  has  no  outlet, 
but  loses  its  water  by  evaporation. 

Owens  Valley  is  located  in  Inyo  and  Mono  counties  and  embraces  a 
strip  of  agricultural  land  of  from  two  to  six  miles  in  width  and  120 
miles  in  length.  The  average  elevation  is  4000  feet.  The  mean 
monthly  winter  temperature  drops  as  low  as  35  degrees  during  the 
months  of  November  to  March,  and  frosts  are  frequent.  The  summers 
are  hot  and  dry  and  the  growing  season  extends  from  April  to 
October,  during  which  irrigation  is  practiced.  Owens  Valley  receives 
an  average  seasonal  precipitation  of  less  than  six  inches,  while  a  fairly 
abundant  rain  and  snowfall  occurs  on  the  ea.stern  slope  of  the  Sierras 
and  furnishes  a  water  supply  for  both  Mono  and  Owens  valleys  which 
is  in  excess  of  their  needs.  The  mountain  ranges  to  the  east  of  Owens 
Valley  receive  but  scant  seasonal  rainfall,  and  this  does  not  contribute 
materially  to  the  water  supply  of  the  valley.  The  side  slopes  of  the 
valley  are  steep  and  the  soil,  which  is  a  distintegrated  granite  with 
extensive  lava  beds,  is  generally  porous  and  conducive  to  large  seepage 
losses.  The  bottom  lauds  of  Owens  Valley  are  deficient  in  drainage. 
Here  are  large  grass  areas  and  alkali  flats  that  are  not  irrigated.  These 
are  recipient  of  much  of  the  drainage  water  coming  from  irrigation 
on  the  more  elevated  land.  These  flats  evaporate  considerable  amounts 
of  water,  so  that  under  present  conditions  only  a  part  of  the  drainage 
waters  are  available  for  re-use. 

Inyo-Kern  Valley  occupies  the  southern  part  of  this  section  and  has 
an  average  elevation  of  2500  feet.  The  climate  has  all  the  characteris- 
tics of  the  desert,  with  a  hot  and  dry  summer  and  occasional  frosts  in 
winter,  but  the  elevation  of  the  valley  accentuates  the  cold  of  the  winter 
nights  so  that  the  growing  season  is  not  perennial.  The  tributary 
drainage  area  is  deficient  in  water  production,  so  that  large  portions  of 
this  valley  have  no  irrigation  possibilities,  unless  it  be  by  importation 
of  a  supply  from  other  districts.  A  small  amount  of  ground  water  is 
being  developed  from  wells  at  the  present  time. 

The  slopes  rising  from  the  floors  of  these  valleys,  which  are  well 
drained  and  have  a  sandy  soil,  offer  the  best  farming  possibilities. 
Alfalfa  and  deciduous  fruits  are  raised,  the  latter  being  probably  the 
more  dominant  crop  on  account  of  the  lack  of  an  adequate  water 
supply. 

Mono  Valley  is  without  railroad  transportation,  it  maintaining  com- 
munication through  highways  alone.  The  Owens  and  Inyo-Kern 
valleys  are  served  by  a  branch  line  of  one  of  the  transcontinental 
railroads. 

The  average  measured  net  annual  use  of  irrigation  water  in  this 
section  is  3.31  feet.  Wherever  water  is  readily  obtainable,  a  liberal  use 
has  been  the  prevailing  practice.  This  excessive  use  of  water,  resulting 
from  the  crude  and  wasteful  methods  of  irrigation,  has  resulted  in 
much  watei'-logging  of  agricultural  lands  and  the  accumulation  of 
alkali  salts  to  a  damaging  extent,  over  large  areas.  The  subdivision  of 
the  larger  holdings,  the  growing  of  more  diversified  crops,  the  im- 
provement of  canal  systems  and  the  more  skillful  application  of  water, 
should  bripg  about,  in  time,  a  more  careful  use  of  water  as  it  has  in 


WATER    RESOIRCES   OF    C.VLIFORNIA.  41 

other  sections  of  the  state  and,  in  anticipation  of  modifications  to  the 
present  practices  similar  to  those  which  have  elsewhere  occurred,  the 
data  discloses  the  annual  net  duty  to  be  2.5  feet  in  depth. 

As  a  rule,  little  water  is  used  for  irrigation  before  the  first  of  April, 
or  after  the  last  of  September.  The  desirable  monthly  distribution  of 
the  annual  supply  during  the  irrigation  period,  expressed  in  per  cent  of 
the  total  seasonal  use,  has  been  derived  from  the  records  of  past  use, 
modified  slightly  to  conform  with  conditions  were  there  a  fully  regu- 
lated water  sujiply,  instead  of  the  natural  stream  flow,  which  is  low 
during  the  late  summer  months.    It  is  as  follows : 

January 0  per  cent 

February 0  per  cent 

March 2  per  cent 

April 10  per  cent 

May 16  per  cent 

June   20  per  cent 

July 20  per  cent 

August IS  per  cent 

September 10  per  cent 

October    4  per  cent 

November    0  per  cent 

December    0  per  cent 


SECTION    6. 

SIERRA   FOOTHILLS  AND  ROLLING   PLAINS  EAST  AND  SOUTH   OF  SAN 
JOAQUIN   VALLEY   FLOOR. 

Total  agricuUural  area l.SOO.OOO  acres 

Area  under  irrigation  in  1920 77,200  acres 

This  section  extends  from  the  ^Mokelumne  River  to  the  Tehachapi 
Pass,  thence  around  the  south  end  of  the  San  Joaquin  Yalh'v  to  a  line 
opposite  Bnena  Vista  Lake  and  includes  portions  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
■Calaveras,  Stanislaus,  Tuolumne,  Pierced,  Mariposa.  Madera,  Fresno, 
Tulare  and  Kern  counties.  It  includes  all  the  agricultural  lands  above 
the  floor  of  the  San  -loaquin  Valley  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  ilountains  and  on  the  northern  .slope  of  the  Tehachapi.  The 
agricultural  lands  of  the  section  are  situated  in  the  small  valleys  on 
these  slopes  and  on  the  foothills  and  rolling  plains,  and  areas  between 
the  flat  floor  of  the  valley  and  the  mountains  proper. 

The  surface  conformation  of  the  agricultural  area  in  this  section, 
ranges  from  the  gentle  slopes  along  the  foothills,  which  merge  into 
the  valley  floor,  to  the  steeper  slopes  and  irregularly  broken  and 
scattered  parcels  at  the  higher  elevations.  The  land  rises  rapidly  and 
with  increasingly  steep  gradients,  as  it  recedes  from  the  floor  of  the 
vallev.  and  some  of  the  agricultural  land  attains  a  maximum  elevation 
of  from  2500  to  3000  feet. 

The  soils  along  the  foothill  slopes  are  generally  loams  and  gravelly 
loams  underlaid  at  varying  depths  with  compact  subsoils  or  hardpan. 
and  heavier  soils.  The  soils  of  the  higher  lands  have  been  mainly  formed 
■from  the  weathering  of  gi-anitic  rocks.  They  are  micaceous,  usually 
friable,  and  commonly  underlaid  with  more  compact  and  less  permeable 


42  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

subsoils.  At  widely  varying  depth.s,  but  n.sually  less  than  six  feet,  the 
subsoil  passes  into  partially  disintegrated  granite  which  frcfjuently  con- 
tinues for  several  feet  before  reaehin^'  the  unaltered  rock.  The  surface 
drainage  is  good  and  the  lands  of  this  section  are  free  from  alkali. 

While  the  winters  are  cold  and  the  precipitation  relatively  large 
over  the  higher  mountain  areas,  the  climatic  conditions  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  area  are  similar  to  those  of  the  valley  floor.  The  summer 
temperatures  decrease  slightly  as  the  higher  elevations  are  reached, 
but  in  general  the  irrigation  season  has  its  beginning  later  in  the 
spring  months.  The  present  irrigated  area  in  this  section  is  only  a 
small  part  of  the  total  area  of  agricultural  land.s.  The  irrigated  crops 
are  principally  deciduous  and  citrus  fruits,  vines,  and  alfalfa.  The 
thermal  belt,  extending  along  the  foothills  and  below  an  elevation  of 
1200  feet,  gives  a  large  area  that  is  adapted  to  the  raising  of  citrus 
fruits.  Alfalfa  is  mostly  limited  to  the  lower  plains  and  to  some  of  the 
flatter  lands  located  in  the  smaller  valleys  in  the  liills. 

Good  railroad  transportation  facilities  are  afforded  the  regions  along 
the  lower  edge  of  this  section  by  two  transcontinental  lines.  Branches 
of  these  lines,  and  electric  railroads  extend  into  the  more  developed  hill 
area  of  this  section,  however,  much  of  the  higher  lands  of  Section  6 
require  a  long  haul  to  reach  shipping  points  on  the  railroads. 

Of  the  lands  bordering  the  valley,  the  favorable  gradients  of  the 
surface  slope,  and  their  elevation  above  the  floor  of  the  valley  and  above 
the  bottom  of  the  stream  beds  that  traverse  this  area,  give  it  a  good 
drainage. 

The  water  supply  is  dependent  principally  on  streams  and  rivers  that 
have  their  origin  in  the  high  Sierras,  and  which  flow  through  this  area 
to  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  floor  below.  As  much  of  the  normal  flow, 
and  practically  all  of  the  late  summer  and  autumn  flow,  is  already 
utilized,  the  development  of  irrigation  water  for  the  rest  of  this  section 
is  dependent  on  the  storage  of  flood  waters  and  on  a  limited  amount  of 
ground  water.  For  this  reason,  as  well  as  the  irregular  surface  contour, 
the  cost  of  irrigation  development  will  necessarily  be  high  for  most  of 
the  area. 

The  agi-icultural  growth  of  this  section  indicates  that  the  future 
development  will  be  principally  in  the  intensive  farming  of  the  higher 
priced  irrigated  crops.  The  large  area  included  in  the  thermal  belt  will 
make  citrus  fruits  an  important  crop,  also.  It  is  anticipated  that 
deciduous  orchards  and  vineyards,  with  some  alfalfa  and  miscellaneous 
crops,  will  comprise  the  remainder  of  the  products  grown  on  the 
irrigated  area. 

The  net  u.se  of  water  for  citrus  land  ranges  from  1.5  to  2  feet;  the 
average  net  annual  use  obtained  on  the  Lindsay-Strathmore  and  Terra 
Bella  irrigation  districts,  where  citrus  crops  predominate,  is  about  1.5 
feet  in  depth,  although  the  use  on  these  districts  has  been  limited 
by  the  scarcity  of  water.  The  use  for  the  other  crops  will  be  somewhat 
less  than  on  the  floor  of  the  valley,  because  alfalfa  will  naturally  be  a 
minor  crop  and  conditions  will  demand  a  careful  use  of  water.  These 
considerations  reveal  that  the  average  pnnual  net  duty  for  this  sectioD 
is  1.75  feet  in  depth. 


WATER    RESOURCKS    OF    CALIFORNIA.  43 

The  monthly  use  of  water  in  the  past  on  the  Lindsay  and  Terra  Bella 
distrifts,  is  of  value  in  determining  the  ultimate  monthly  use  for  lands 
devoted  principally  to  citrus  fruits.  For  other  crops  the  monthly  use 
determined  for  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  floor,  is  more  representative. 
The  desirable  monthly  distribution,  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal  use 
for  this  section,  determined  from  these  data  is : 

January 0  per  cent 

February 1  per  cent 

March 3  per  cent 

April 10  per  cent 

May 16  per  cent 

June Ig  per  cent 

July IS  per  cent 

August 16  per  cent 

■September 11  per  cent 

■October — 6  per  cent 

November    1  per  cent 

December    0  per  cent 


SECTION  7. 
SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY  FLOOR. 

Total  agricultural  area 5.468,000  acres 

Area  under  irrigation  in  1920 2,712,000  acres 

Section  7  comprises  about  two-thirds  of  the  total  agricultural  area 
of  the  great  central  valley,  and  consequently  25  per  cent  of  the  total 
agricultural  lands  of  California.  It  contains  the  largest  irrigated  dis- 
trict of  the  state.  Broadly  speaking,  it  includes  that  portion  of  the 
great  valley  that  lies  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Range 
mountains,  from  the  Tehachapi  Pass  on  the  south  to  Cosumnes  River 
and  the  lower  delta  lands  of  Suisun  Bay  on  the  north.  The  rdluvial  fan 
of  Kings  River  forms  a  low  ridge  which  separates  the  Tulare  Basin,  or 
the  southerly  portion,  from  the  remainder  of  the  valley.  Portions  of 
Contra  Costa,  San  Joaquin.  Stanislaus,  Merced,  Madera,  Fresno, 
Kings,  Tulare  and  Kern  counties  are  included  in  this  section. 

Kings  River,  during  flood  stage,  flo^-'s  in  part  through  Fresno 
Slough  into  San  .Joaquin  River,  and  in  part  into  Tulare  Basin.  The 
other  main  streams  entering  the  Tulare  Basin  are  the  Kern,  Tule  and 
Kaweah  rivers.  The  drainage  basins  of  these  streams  extend  into  the 
high  Sierras  and,  during  years  of  more  than  normal  flow,  their  flood 
waters  reach  Tulare  Lake.  Through  evaporation  and  non-replenish- 
ment from  flood  waters  in  all  seasons,  a  large  part  of  the  bed  of  Tulare 
Lake  periodically  becomes  dry,  and  is  put  under  cultivation.  Levees 
have  been  built  to  restrict  the  flooded  area  of  this  lake  bed.  With  the 
extension  of  irrigation  and  the  development  of  storage  of  flood  waters, 
the  frequency  and  extent  of  overflow  will  be  reduced.  Kern  River  dis- 
charges into  Buena  Vista  Lake,  which  has  been  converted  into  a  storage 
reservoir  by  the  construction  of  earth  embankments,  and  now.  only 
during  exceptional  flood  years,  do  surplus  flood  waters  reach  Tulare 
Lake  from  this  river. 

Upper  San  Joaquin  River  is  the  first  important  stream  north  of  the 
Kings  River  ridge.    The  San  Joaquin  rises  in  the  high  Sierras  and  flows 


44  WATER    RESOURCISS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

down  the  westerly  slope  of  this  range  in  a  southwesterly  direction  until 
it  reaches  the  trouiih  of  the  valley,  where  it  turns  and  flows  alonj^  the 
trough  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  Suisun  Bay.  The  main  tribu- 
taries of  the  San  Joaquin  River  in  order  from  south  to  north,  are: 
Merced,  Tuolumne,  Stanislaus.  Calaveras  and  Mokelumne  rivers.  All 
their  drainage  areas,  except  the  Calaveras,  exteud  into  the  high  Sierras. 
The  maximum  flood  flows  occur  during  the  mid-winter  months  and 
result  from  excessive  rainfall,  but  are  of  short  duration.  The  more 
continuous  flood  flows  are  produced  by  melting  snows,  and  these  occur 
during  the  months  of  ^lay  and  June.  The  stream  flow  then  diminishes 
rapidly  and  is  small  during  the  late  summer  and  autumn  months. 

The  smaller  streams  draining  into  the  San  Joac[uin  Valley,  whose 
drainage  basins  do  not  reach  into  the  high  mountains,  are  fed  largely 
by  rain  water ;  they  are  intermittent  and  more  torrential  in  character. 
The  streams  that  have  their  watersheds  on  the  east  slope  of  the  Coast 
Range,  are  of  less  importance,  since  the  precipitation  on  this  slope  is 
small,  and  the  run-off  is  subject  to  wide  fluctuations  ^rith  little  or  no 
dependable  flow  during  dry  years. 

A  strip  of  low  lands  along  the  trough  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and 
extending  from  the  mouth  of  Upper  San  Joaquin  River  near  Kings 
River  ridge,  to  about  the  mouth  of  the  Stanislaus,  being  in  width  from 
about  one  to  twelve  miles,  is  below  the  high  water  level  reached  during 
the  maximum  floods.  These  lands  are,  in  part,  reclaimed  and  protected 
from  overflow  by  levees.  Below  the  mouth  of  the  Stanislaus,  is  the  San 
Joaquin  delta  proper  which  merges  with  the  delta  of  the  Sacramento 
and  Mokelumne  rivers. 

The  lands  in  this  section  range  from  450  feet  above  sea  level  at  the 
southerly  end.  to  slightly  above  sea  level  for  the  lands  adjacent  to  the 
delta  region  in  the  north.  The  average  longitudinal  slope  of  the  floor 
of  the  valley,  from  the  Kings  River  ridge  on  the  south,  to  th-:-  mouth  of 
the  Stanislaus  on  the  north,  is  about  two  feet  to  the  mile.  The  transverse 
slope  towards  the  trough  of  the  valley,  increases  from  less  than  five 
feet. to  a  mile  for  some  of  the  flattened  or  basin-like  surfaces  in  the 
lower  parts  of  the  valley  adjacent  to  the  trough,  to  from  five  to  ten  feet 
per  mile  for  the  main  body  of  the  land  on  either  side  of  the  valley,  and 
from  ten  to  forty  feet  per  mile  for  the  lands  near  the  foothills.  In 
general,  the  slopes  on  the  ea.stern  side  of  the  valley  are  somewhat  flatter 
than  those  on  the  western  side.  The  favorable  slope  and  smoothness  of 
the  surface  make  the  cost  of  con.struction  of  distribution  ditches  and 
the  preparation  of  lands  for  irrigation,  relatively  low;  on  the  other 
hand,  this  advantage  is  offset  on  flat  slopes  toward  and  along  the  trough 
of  the  valley,  coincident  with  the  low  elevation  and  the  decreasing 
depth  of  the  river  and  creek  channels  as  they  reach  the  trough,  by  poor 
drainage  conditions  and  limit  the  amount  of  surplus  irrigation 
water  which  can  enter  the  soil  and  be  carried  away  through  natural 
underground  drainage  and  require  the  construction  of  drainage  canals. 

The  valley  floor  is  the  result  of  the  filling  from  unknown  depths,  of 
material  washed  down  from  the  enclosing  mountains  and  distributed 
across  land  surfaces  as  alluvial  fan  material.  There  is  considerable 
variation  in  the  texture  and  other  properties  of  the  soil  and  subsoil,  not 


WATER    RESOURCES   OK    CALIFORXIA.  45 

only  in  areas  far  apart,  but  also  in  adjacent  small  areas.  In  general, 
the  soils  of  the  land  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley  and  north  of  Kings 
River,  vary  from  coarse,  sandy  loams  to  clay  loams  \rith  medium  sandy 
loams  predominating.  The  soils  are  generally  underlaid  with  compact 
subsoils  and  in  some  cases  with  more  or  less  continuous^  indurated  or 
hardpan  layers.  The  hardpan  varies  from  a  few  inches  to  one  or  more 
feet  in  thickness  and  is  found  at  depths  that  range  from  near  the  surface 
to  six  feet  or  more.  Tliis  presence  of  compact  subsoil  or  hardpan  under 
most  of  the  coarse,  sandy  soil,  permits  the  irrigation  of  these  soils  with- 
out an  excessive  use  of  water.  The  soils  on  the  ea.st  side  of  the  valley, 
south  of  the  Kings  River,  are  generally  sandy  loams,  loams  and  clay 
loams,  but  not  underlaid  by  hardpan ;  they  are  retentive  of  moisture 
and  are  productive  under  sparing  applications  of  water. 

The  soils  on  the  entire  western  side  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  are 
generally  more  compact  in  texture  and  retentive  of  moisture  than  the 
soils  on  the  east  side,  and  consist  principally  of  loams  and  clay  loams. 

Alkali  lands  occur  in  scattered  spots  or  streaks  of  a  few  acres  in 
extent,  to  bodies  of  land  that  include  several  thousand  acres  or  more. 
North  of  the  Kings  River  ridge,  alkali  areas  are  confined  largely  to  the 
flatter  slopes  and  the  basins  lying  adjacent  to  and  along  the  trough  of 
tlie  valley.  South  of  tlie  Kings  River  ridge  and  in  the  Tulare  Basin, 
there  is  a  belt  of  alkali-free  land  averaging  several  miles  in  width  and 
extending  along  the  lowest  part  of  the  vallej-  from  Tulare  Lake  on  the 
south,  to  the  ridge  on  the  north.  This  strip  is  bordered  on  the  west  by  a 
continuous  body  of  alkali  soils  varying  in  width  from  less  than  one 
mile  to  six  or  seven  miles.  This  one  continuous  body  of  alkali  soil  com- 
prises practically  all  of  the  alkali  lands  on  the  west  side.  On  the  east 
side  of  the  Tulare  Basin,  excepting  for  this  belt,  the  alkali  soils  are 
largely  confined  to  the  fiatter  slopes  and  to  scattered  bodies  of  land 
where  high  water  table  conditions  exist.  The  steeper  slopes  near  the 
foothills  are  usually  free  from  alkali.  While  some  of  the  alkali  lands 
were  formed  by  the  accumulation  of  alkali  salts  through  natural  pro- 
cesses and  prior  to  the  initiation  of  irrigation,  the  area  of  alkali  lands 
has  been  increa.sed  in  extent  through  the  rise  of  the  groundwater  level 
and  resulting  concentration  of  alkali  salts  near  the  surface  of  the  soil. 
This  has  come  about  through  the  apjjlication  of  irrigation  waters  to 
adjacent  lands  and  inadequate  drainage  for  the  removal  of  the  deeper 
percolating  water  from  these  applications. 

The  main  characteristics  of  the  climate  of  the  San  Joaqviin  Valley  are 
warm,  dry  summers  and  moderate  winters.  The  temperatures  increase 
and  the  rainfall  decreases  from  north  to  south.  There  is  a  long,  dry 
season  almost  without  rain,  extending  from  Jlay  to  September.  During 
the  period  from  June  to  September,  inclusive,  there  is  a  mean  rainfall 
of  less  than  one-half  inch.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  ranges  from  about 
five  inches  in  the  south  to  about  fifteen  inches  in  the  north. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  ranges  from  60  degrees  to  65  degrees, 
with  the  mean  monthly  temperature  having  a  variation  between  46 
degrees  in  January,  and  about  SI  degrees  in  July.  Minimum  temper- 
atures of  20  degrees  and  maximums  of  115  degrees  are  occasionally 
attained.  The  sun  during  the  slimmer  months,  shines  about  95  per  cent 
of  the  hours  between  sunrise  and  sunset.     The  growing  season  is  long; 


46  WATER    RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

the  average  frost-free  period  extends  from  about  iMareh  1st  to  the  middle 
of  Novemlier,  though  killing  frosts  have  oer-urred  as  late  as  the  middle 
of  April  and  as  early  as  the  first  week  in  November.  The  prevailing 
winds  are  from  the  northwest ;  they  attain  their  highest  average  velocity 
in  May  and  June,  being  reported  at  Fresno  as  10.0  and  9.3  miles  per 
hour  for  these  months,  respectively. 

Transportation  facilities  are  good  throughout  the  valley,  there  being 
over  1400  miles  of  raih-oad  tracks,  not  including  sidings  and  spurs. 
Two  transcontinental  lines  which  traverse  the  entire  length  of  the 
valley,  with  their  branches,  serve  a  large  portion  of  this  area. 

The  production  of  dry-farm  grain,  w'hieh  has  been  an  extensive  pur- 
suit in  the  valley,  has  become  of  less  importance  through  the  extension 
of  irrigation.  Grain  is  now  grown  with  irrigation  where  the  rainfall 
is  deficient  and  not  dependable,  to  rotate  with  crops,  or  in  double 
cropping  when  it  is  followed  by  a  second  crop  of  corn  or  beans.  Alfalfa 
is  an  important  irrigated  crop,  especially  during  the  early  years  of 
development  of  an  irrigation  project.  In  the  Modesto  District,  the 
area  in  alfalfa  reached  a  maximum  of  87  per  cent  of  the  total  area 
in  crops  for  the  year  1911,  but  decreased  to  40  per  cent  of  the  total 
for  the  year  1921.  In  the  Turlock  District,  the  percentage  decreased 
from  a  maximum  of  73  per  cent  in  1914,  to  31  per  cent  iu  1921. 
Alfalfa  is  an  important  crop  on  the  west  side  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
and  on  lands  that  are  irrigated  with  the  waters  of  Kern  River.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  is  a  less  important  crop  on  lands  supplied  with  waters 
from  Kings  River.  The  available  data  indicate  that  with  an  ample 
supply  throughout  the  season,  the  area  in  alfalfa  pastures  on  different 
projects  would  range  from  20  to  50  per  cent  of  the  cropped  area  and 
will  average  about  35  per  cent  for  the  entire  valley. 

The  vineyards  and  deciduous  orchards  are  of  growing  importance, 
and  are  gradually  being  planted  on  areas  that  have  been  previously 
devoted  to  alfalfa  and  general  field  crops.  In  the  Fresno  Irrigation 
District,  the  area  in  grapes  and  deciduous  orchards  is  55  per  cent  of  the 
gross  area  planted  to  crops,  but  on  later  projects,  such  as  the  Modesto 
District,  the  percentage  is  20,  while  on  the  Turlock  District,  it  is  12  per 
cent.  The  available  data  indicate,  that  with  an  adequate  irrigation 
supply,  the  area  in  orchard  or  vines  on  different  projects  will  I'ange 
from  10  to  60  per  cent  and  will  average  30  per  cent  for  the  entire 
San  Joaquin  Valley.  Sorghum,  corn,  sugar-beets,  melons,  beans  and 
other  minor  crops  are  successfully  grown  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley, 
and  will  make  up  the  renuiinder,  or  35  per  cent  of  the  irrigated  crop- 
area. 

The  water  supply  for  irrigation  use  iu  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
has  been  in  the  past,  largely  a  diversion  of  the  direct  stream 
flow,  unregulated  by  storage  and  receiving  but  small  increments 
of  water  from  underground  sources.  The  marked  features  of  the  stream 
flow  are  large  flood  flows  during  the  months  of  May  and  June, 
with  a  rapidly  decreasing  flow  during  July,  and  with  very  small  flows 
for  the  remainder  of  the  irrigation  season.  This  results  in  an  abundant 
supply  during  the  early  months  of  the  irrigation  season,  which  may 
extend  into  July  during  wet  years,  but  a  deficient  supnly  in  the  later 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CiVLIFORNLV.  47 

summer  months.  Because  of  the  uucertainty  of  the  duration  of  the 
wlater  supply,  aud  the  resulting  attempt  to  store  water  in  the  soil  for 
use  later  in  the  season,  excessive  amounts  of  irrigation  water  have  been 
applied  to  the  laud  during  the  early  months  of  the  irrigation  period. 
With  an  ample  supply  throughout  the  season,  a  better  distribution  and 
less  wasteful  use  of  water  will  result. 

The  underground  water  is  an  important  source  of  irrigation  supply. 
It  occurs  extensively  and  can  be  economically  developed  through  pump- 
ing from  wells.  These  undergi-ound  waters  have  their  source  in  the 
seepage  from  the  rivers  and  irrigation  canals,  and  from  the  surplus 
irrigation  waters  applied  to  the  land,  which  pass  down  through  the  soil 
beyond  the  reach  of  the  plant  roots.  Where  the  supply  is  unreplen- 
ished,  as  in  those  areas  toward  the  foothills  on  the  west  side,  the  quan- 
tity of  underground  water  is  deficient  in  amount,  or  can  not  be  economi- 
cally lifted  to  the  ground  surface.  The  development  of  underground 
water  as  a  source  of  irrigation  supply,  has  been  very  rapid.  In  1909, 
the  area  irrigated  from  underground  water  wa.s  91,000  acres;  it 
increased  to  171,800  acres  in  1912,  and  to  over  400,000  acres  in  1920. 
In  some  areas  the  annual  withdrawal  of  water  has  approached,  if  not 
actually  exceded,  the  replenishment. 

Prior  to  irrigation,  the  groundwater  table  under  the  lands  not  irri- 
gated was  at  a  considerable  depth  below  the  earth's  surface.  In  some 
of  the  first  wells  near  Fresno,  the  depth  to  the  water  surface  was  sixty- 
five  feet.  The  depth  to  water  in  a  number  of  wells  in  the  Modesto 
Irrigation  District  for  the  year  1904,  which  was  the  first  year  of  irri- 
gation, ranged  from  12  feet  to  78  feet  below  the  ground  surface. 
During  the  early  years  of  an  irrigation  project,  before  a  large  portion 
of  the  area  is  irrigated,  because  of  the  abundant  supply,  water  is  used 
rather  promiscuously  and  quantities  of  water  are  applied  to  the  land 
far  greater  than  the  soil  can  retain,  or  the  plant  growth  utilize.  On 
the  ilodesto  District,  the  volume  of  water  diverted  from  the  Tuolumne 
River  per  season,  during  the  first  four  j'ears,  averaged  about  10  feet  in 
depth  over  the  land  irrigated.  Occurrences  similar  to  this  have  been 
experienced  on  nearly  all  large  irrigation  projects.  Surplus  water 
applied  to  the  land,  together  with  the  seepage  losses  from  canals,  moves 
downward  through  the  earth  until  they  reach  and  unite  with  the 
groundwater.  When  the  increment  added  to  the  groundwater  is  greater 
than  the  quantities  subtracted  from  it,  the  water  table  ri.ses,  and  on 
occasions  reaches  so  near  the  surface  that  large  acreages  suffer  from  an 
excessiveh'  high  water  table,  with,  in  many  cases,  a  gradual  accumu- 
lation of  alkali  salts  at  the  surface  of  the  ground.  With  the  added 
increments  exceeding  the  subtractions,  the  water  table  continues  its 
rise  until  the  evaporation  loss  from  the  water-logged  lands,  together 
with  the  underground  drainage,  equals  the  surplus  irrigation  water 
applied  and  then  a  condition  of  equilibrium  is  reached. 

On  one  large  area  of  the  San  Joa(iuin  Valley,  66  per  cent  of  the  terri- 
tory had  a  water  table  within  four  feet  of  the  surface  for  a  period  of 
one  month.  On  another  large  tract  elsewhere  in  the  SaTi  Joaquin 
Valley,  over  30  per  cent  of  the  area  had  a  water  table  within  four  feet 
of  the  ground  surface  for  a  period  of  three  months.    On  two  irrigation 


48  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

districts,  the  water  table  has  been  within  six  feet  of  the  surface  for  a 
period  of  one  moutli ;  more  than  40  per  eent  of  the  area  of  one  district 
and  over  60  per  eent  of  the  area  in  the  other  district,  was  so  atl'eeted. 
On  many  hirge  bodies  of  hind  receiving  gravity  irrigation  water,  and 
where  the  groundwater  table  is  within  the  zone  of  plant  roots,  the 
wbter  table  seasonal  fluctuation  is  from  three  to  five  feet.  It 
rises  rapidly  after  the  beginning  of  the  irrigation  season,  attains  its 
maxinuim  in  June  and  July,  and  then  recedes.  The  result  of  this 
fluctuation  is  that  the  deeper  root  sy.stem  is  drowned  out  with  their 
submergence  by  the  rising  water  table  and  the  occurrence  as  a  whole 
is  disastrous  to  plant  growth. 

The  water-logging  results  from  the  surplus  irrigation  water  being 
greater  in  amount  than  can  be  carried  away  by  the  underground  drain- 
age. To  remedy  or  ameliorate  the  water-logged  condition,  tlic  lining  of 
canals  to  prevent  seepage,  and  artificial  drainage,  have  been  resorted  to 
on  a  number  of  pro.jects.  The  lowering  of  the  water  table  by  pumping 
from  the  groundwater  is  now  being  successfully  carried  out  in  some 
parts  of  the  valley.  This  practice  not  only  drains  the  land,  but  also 
recovers  water  which  is  available  for  second  use.  This  recovery  of 
underground  water  by  pumping  from  wells,  the  lining  of  those  canals 
that  sutt'er  excessive  losses,  the  more  economical  use  of  irrigation  water 
will,  to  a  large  extent,  prevent  water-logging  and  will  also  })ermit  the 
irrigated  area  to  be  extended. 

The  extensive  development  of  irrigation  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley 
dates  from  about  1870.  The  first  large  system  constructed  was  that  of 
the  San  Joaquin  and  Kings  River  Canal  and  Irrigation  Company,  which 
first  diverted  water  from  San  Joaquin  River  in  1872.  This  was 
followed  by  extensive  canal  construction  about  Fresno,  and  in  Tulare 
and  Kern  counties.  By  1880,  the  total  area  irrigated  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  had  reached  188,000  acres.  The  greater  part  of  this  was  planted 
to  cereals,  a  considerable  acreage  in  alfalfa,  and  the  remainder  in 
orchards  and  gardens.  About  1880,  the  fruit  industry  began  to  assume 
importance,  and  from  this  time  on,  irrigated  agriculture  developed 
rapidly.  To  about  1887,  all  the  development  was  made  by  private 
enterprise.  In  1887,  the  state  legislature  passed  the  Wright  Act  which 
provided  for  the  organization  and  bonding  of  districts  for  the  construc- 
tion of  irrigation  works  by  vote  of  residents  within  the  district  bounda- 
ries. In  1897,  the  Wright  Act  was  amended  and  superseded  by  the 
Bridgeford  Act.  Since  that  date  development  through  the  organization 
of  irrigation  districts  has  been  very  rapid  and  nearly  all  of  the  increase 
in  the  area  irrigated  has  been  accomplished  through  district  organi- 
zation.   There  are  now  about  30  organized  districts  in  the  valley. 

The  total  agricultural  area  on  the  valley  floor  is  5,46'8,000  acres,  and 
the  total  irrigated  area  in  1920  was  2,712,000  acres.  This  irrigated 
area  includes  a  small  acreage  of  lands  in  the  foothills. 

The  present  area  irrigated  has  been  largely  dependent  for  its  water 
supply  on  the  direct  diversion  of  natural  stream  flow  and  on  the 
utilization  of  ground  waters  pumped  from  wells.  The  crops  grown 
have  been  selected  because  of  their  adaptability  to  the  uncertain  irriga- 
tion season.    Some  areas  or  districts  depending  on  natural  stream  flow. 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORXLV.  49 

liave  enjoyed  a  good  supply  either  ou  account  of  their  prior  rights,  or 
because  the  area  utilizes  only  a  very  small  part  of  the  total  flow  of  the 
stream.  On  the  other  areas,  attempts  have  been  made  to  irtilize  a 
larger  part  of  the  uatural  stream  tiow  by  applying  some  of  the  flood 
waters  to  lands  devoted  to  the  gro^rth  of  grain,  alfalfa  or  pasture,  in 
the  anticipation  that  these  crops  might  be  grown  with  occasional 
irrigation  and  thus  avoid,  to  some  extent,  the  total  waste  of  flood 
waters.  However,  intensive  irrigated  development  has  been  limited 
to  those  areas  which  have  a  dependable  supply  of  water  each  year  and 
during  at  least  part  of  the  usual  irrigation  season.  Tlie  "variable 
character  of  the  stream  flow  tributary  to  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and 
the  low  summer  flow,  are  such  that  the  demands  for  water  of  the 
present  area  irrigated,  even  in  yeai-s  of  exceptionally  heavy  run-off,  are 
greater  than  the  low  water  summer-flow  of  the  streams. 

Further  development  is  dependent  upon  the  bettef  and  more  complete 
utilization  of  the  water  supply.  This  involves  the  economic  application 
of  water  to  the  land  to  prevent  excessive  waste,  the  avoidance  of 
abnormal  conveyance  losses,  tlie  recoveiw  of  underground  waters 
through  pumping  and  the  maintenance  of  an  adequate  drainage,  and 
tlie  regulation  of  stream  flow  through  the  storage  of  flood  waters.  Such 
improved  utilization  of  water  is  proceeding  advantageously  in  a  number 
of  districts  and  hirge  storage  reservoirs  are  being  built,  or  are  in  con- 
templation: ditches  are  being  lined  with  concrete:  drainage  problems 
are  receiving  more  serious  consideration,  and  these  are  resulting  in  a 
more  intensive  cropping  of  the  higher  priced  fai-m  products  and 
enhanced  yield  from  the  plantings  of  standard  crops. 

The  rate  of  use  of  irrigation  water  varies  considerably,  not  alone  in 
different  localities  of  the  valley,  but  also  on  individual  farms.  The 
variations  of  climatic  conditions  are  not  sufficiently  marked  to  account 
for  the  dift'erence  in  water  requirements  of  the  several  localities . 
while  the  precipitation  increases  and  the  temperature  decreases  from 
.south  to  north,  the  ditference  in  rainfall  does  not  represent  an  equal 
difli'ereuee  in  water  requirements.  The  capacity  of  the  soils  to  hold 
moisture  is  limited,  and  the  late  spring  rainfall  is  small,  and  tiie  precipi- 
tation is  practically  nothing  during  the  normal  growing  season. 

The  variations  of  .soil  in  texture  are  considerable,  but  as  the  larger 
part  of  the  more  porous  soils  are  underlaid  with  impervious  materials, 
the  water  requirements  for  sandy  soils  are  not  very  different  from  those 
of  the  more  retentive  soils.  The  use  of  water  varies  with  the  kind  of 
crops  grown,  but  the  largest  variation  in  use  of  water  on  lands  which 
have  essentially  the  same  climatic  conditions,  the  same  .soil,  and  growing 
the  same  crops,  is  generally  due  to  the  amount  of  available  water  and 
its  cost.  "With  a  supply  regulated  to  insure  irrigation  during  the  full 
active  growing  period,  and  having  experienced  the  destructive  and 
expensive  effects  of  the  rise  in  the  groundwater  table,  from  deep 
percolation  of  excess  irrigation  water,  a  more  saving  use  is  going  to  be 
the  practice.  Alfalfa,  which  is  an  important  crop,  will  produce  full 
yields  with  2.0  to  3.5  feet  of  water  applied  on  the  land.  The  smaller 
quantity  is  sufficient  for  the  retentive  soils  where  natural  underground 
drainage  is  limited,  and  the  groundwater  less  than  eight  to  ten  feet 


50  WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

from  the  surface;  the  larger  quantity  of  water  is  reciuired  for  maximum 
yields  on  the  more  porous  soils  and  where  subsoils  have  good  under- 
ground drainage  and  a  greater  depth  to  the  water  tal)le  exists.  Less 
than  the  smaller  amount  is  now  being  used  on  the  Patterson  Water 
Company  project,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  valley,  where  88  per 
cent  of  the  16,000  acres  is  alfalfa.  This  project  derives  its  water  supply 
by  pumping  from  the  lower  San  Joaquin  River,  water  is  available 
throughout  the  gi-owing  season,  and  the  .soils  generally  are  retentive 
loams  and  clay  loams.  The  average  net  duty  for  alfalfa  with  an  ample 
supply  throughout  the  season  is  3.0  feet  in  depth  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley. 

Deciduous  orchards  and  vineyards  are  sometimes  so  situated  that 
they  derive  sufficient  moisture  from  the  soil  without  surface  irrigation, 
but  as  the  future  demand  for  irrigation  water  will  undoubtedly  lower 
the  ground  water  elevation,  these  areas  will  have  to  be  irrigated  from 
surface  supplies.  The  number  of  irrigations  for  a  full  season  with  a 
regulated  How,  will  range  from  two  to  four,  and  the  quantity  of  water 
applied  to  the  laud  from  one  to  two  feet.  The  average  duty  for 
orchards  and  vineyards  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  is  1.5  feet  in  depth. 

Cereals  are  frequently  raised  on  the  more  retentive  soils  with  one 
heavy  irrigation  and  on  less  retentive  soils  with  two  applications  of 
irrigation  water.  Corn  and  other  general  field  crops  usually  require 
two  to  four  irrigations.  Cereals  are  sometimes  followed  by  a  crop  of 
corn,  beans,  or  other  sununer  crops  in  which  case  the  laud  which  is 
double  cropped  receives  from  two  to  four  irrigations.  This  practice 
is  increasing  with  the  development  of  full  season  supplies. 

The  net  duty  for  cereals,  corn,  sugar  beets,  potatoes  and  other  general 
field  crops,  ranges  from  one  to  two  feet,  with  an  average  net  duty  for 
these,  allowing  for  the  increase  in  double  cropping,  of  1.5  feet  in  depth. 

The  gross  use  for  21-4,000  acres  served  by  the  Fresno-Gould  Canal 
for  the  seasons  from  1915  to  1919,  inclusive,  is  less  than  two  feet  and 
averages  1.6-4  feet  in  depth.  This  area  is  highly  developed  and  55  per 
cent  is  in  trees  and  vines.  Other  large  and  highly  developed  areas, 
that  receive  water  from  Kings  River,  have  gross  uses  of  less  than  two 
feet,  and  even  with  this  amount  of  water  some  of  the  lower  lands  have 
become  water-logged  and  are  in  need  of  drainage. 

These  considerations  reveal  that  the  average  net  duty  for  the  entire 
San  Joaquin  Valley  floor,  considering  the  extent  to  which  the  various 
crops  will  be  grown  and  the  water  requirements  of  these  crops,  is  two 
feet  in  depth.  This  net  duty  agrees  well  with  that  obtained  at  the 
present  time  on  areas  which  have  satisfactory  irrigation  supplies,  and 
are  devoted  to  an  intensive  and  diversified  farming  and  have  a  reason- 
ably good  standard  of  irrigation  practice  and  agricultural  methods. 
An  average  net  duty  of  two  feet  with  a  desirable  distril)ution  through 
the  season,  will  result  in  less  water  being  added  to  the  groundwater,  a 
reduction  in  the  expense  for  drainage,  a  smaller  seasonal  fluctuation  in 
the  water  table  and  a  lower  water  table  during  the  summer  months,  and 
it  will  still  furnish  ample  moisture  for  plant  growth. 

Considerable  data  are  available  on  the  monthly  use  of  water  on  a 
number  of  projects  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  which  are  favored  with  an 


WATER  RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  51 

adequate  supply  for  the  entii'e  irrigation  season  and  the  deficiency 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  season  on  other  well  developed  projects, 
can  be  estimated.  There  are  263  records,  an  equivalent  of  one  year's 
record  on  9.30-4,000  acres,  of  actual  distribution  of  the  seasonal  use  of 
water  in  this  valley.  There  are  also  24  estimates  by  consulting 
engineers,  covering  an  undetermined  acreage,  on  the  monthly  use  for 
a  full  seasonal  supply.  These  data  have  been  fully  considered,  and  the 
desirable  monthly  use,  expressed  in  terms  of  per  cent  of  the  total 
seasonal  supply,  is: 

January    0  per  cent 

February 2  per  cent 

March    5  per  cent 

April    11   per  cent 

May    17  per  cent 

June 18  per  cent 

July    18  per  cent 

August     15  per  cent 

September    10  per  cent 

October     4  per  cent 

November     0  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


SECTION   8. 
WESTERN    SLOPE    OF   THE   SOUTHERN    SAN    JOAQUIN    VALLEY. 

Total  agricultural  area 971,000  acres 

Area   under    irrigation    in    1920 20,400  acres 

This  section  is  the  portion  of  the  western  slope  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley  that  extends  from  near  Buena  Vista  Lake  on  the  south,  to  a  point 
opposite  ^lendota  on  the  north,  and  comprises  portions  of  Kern,  Kings 
and  Fresno  counties.  Its  surface  rises  gradually  from  the  floor  of  the 
vallej-  with  increasing  slopes  towards  the  base  of  the  Coast  Range 
Mountains. 

The  larger  part  of  the  agricultural  lands  form  a  smooth  sloping  sur- 
face, which  merges  at  the  lower  elevations  into  the  flat  lands  of  the 
valley  floor.  The  general  altitude  varies  from  about  150  to  500  feet 
above  sea  level. 

The  run-otf  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Coast  Range,  which  crosses 
this  section,  is  concentrated  in  the  channels  of  small  intermittent 
streams,  usually  of  not  sufficient  size  to  maintain  well-defined  channels 
very  far  down  the  slopes  toward  the  trough  of  the  San  Joaciuin  Valley. 
A  few  of  them  have  gravelly  beds  for  several  miles  into  the  valley  after 
their  emergence  from  the  foothills,  but  during  dry  years  little  or  no 
water  reaches  the  valley  floor. 

The  soils  are  generally  of  heavier  types  and  are  mostly  loams,  silt 
loams  and  clay  loams,  underlaid  by  similar  subsoils.  They  are  free 
from  alkali  and)  are  retentive  of  moisture.  Their  surface  is  generally 
favorable  to  cultivation  and  irrigation. 

The  climatic  conditions  are  similar  to  those  of  the  adjacent  valley 
floor  described  in  Section  7;  the  mean  annual  rainfall  is  somewhat 
less,  however,  averaging  seven  inches  in  depth. 


52  WATEE   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

Water  is  scant  and  very  little  of  the  area  Ls  irrigated.  Because  of 
the  small  rainfall,  dry  farming  is  precarious  and  but  little  is  done. 
Most  of  the  land  is  used  for  pasture.  With  irrigation  tlie  land  is  well 
adapted  to  growing  alfalfa,  deciduous  fruits,  small  grain,  sorghum 
and  for  the  culture  of  vegetables. 

The  transportation  facilities  are  the  main  line  of  a  transcontinental 
railroad  traversing  the  lower  margins  of  this  section  and  a  branch  line, 
crossing  the  southern  end  to  Coalinga. 

There  is  verv  little  irrigated  land  in  this  section.  The  groundwater 
supply  is  very  limited,  and,  if  found  at  all,  is  at  great  depth  below  the 
surface.  The  developmeut  of  irrigation  for  this  .section  depends  on  the 
very  limited  supply  from  the  intermittent  streams  of  the  eastern  slope 
of  the  Coast  Range,  or  on  waters  which  may  be  brought  in  from  outside 
sources.     At  best  it  will  be  expensive. 

The  water  requirements  are  essentially  the  same  as  for  the  lands  in 
the  floor  of  the  valley.  The  limited  water  supply,  its  high  cost  of 
development,  and  use  on  soils  which  are  retentive  of  moisture,  will 
result  in  a  more  saving  use  of  water  for  this  section  than  for  other  parts 
of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley.  These  considerations  disclose  that  the 
average  net  duty  of  water  for  this  section  is  1.75  feet  in  depth. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  in  per  cent  of  the  annual  supply 
is  the  same  as  that  for  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  floor,  and  is :     • 

January    0  per  cent 

February 2  per  cent 

March    5  per  cent 

April    11  per  cent 

May    17  per  cent 

June IS  per  cent 

July    18  per  cent 

August     15  per  cent 

September    10  per  cent 

October     4  per  cent 

November    0  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


SECTION   9. 
SANTA    BARBARA,   SANTA    MARIA    AND    SAN    LUIS    OBISPO   AREAS. 

Total  agricultural  area 410,000  acres 

Area    under   irrigation    in    1920__      25,000  acres 

This  section  is  on  the  Pacific  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  Mountains, 
and  extends  from  the  crest  of  this  range  to  the  ocean  shore,  and  from 
the  ridge  west  of  the  Ventura  River  on  the  south,  to  the  confluence  of 
the  Nacimiento  with  the  Salinas  River  on  the  north.  Portions  of 
Ventura,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Monterey  and  all  of  Santa  Barbara  counties 
lie  in  this  section. 

The  agricultural  lands  are  on  the  ocean  shore  between  Santa 
Barbara  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  in  the  valleys  and  flat  bottom  lands, 
and  on  the  gentle  slopes  of  low  hillsides  surrounding  the  valleys.  These 
agricultural  valleys  are  mostly  at  altitudes  of  less  than  1000  feet, 
excepting  the  Cuyama  Valley  which  is  above  2000  feet. 


WATER   RESOfRCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  53 

The  coastal  range  which  traverses  this  section  is  formed  largely  of 
sedimentary  deposits  of  shales,  saucLstones  and  conglomerates.  There 
are.  however,  isolated  granitic  mountain  masses.  The  soils  formed  from 
their  erosion,  are  predominantly  sandy  loams,  with  loams  and  clay  in 
some  of  the  interior  valleys. 

The  climate  is  moderate  and  equitable  and  there  are  no  great  depai't- 
ures  from  the  mean  temperatures.  It  exhibits  the  moderating  influence 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  average  winter  temperature  being  around 
50  degrees.  Fogs  are  common  and  conserve  the  soil  moisture  by 
retarding  evaporation  of  water  from  the  cropped  area.  The  winter 
is  the  principal  period  of  precipitation.  The  active  gi-owing  season 
is  long  and  without  great  extremes  of  heat.  Dry  farming  is  profitably 
practiced.  The  moist  climate  along  the  coast  is  favorable  for  the  raising 
of  grain,  beans,  sugar-beets  and  vegetables,  and  there  are  considerable 
areas  devoted  to  the  raising  of  these  and  flower  seeds. 

The  growing  seasons  for  the  different  crops  overlap  and  in  the  aggre- 
gate extends  throughout  the  whole  year.  The  principal  precipitation 
occ^irs  in  the  months  of  November  to  March,  inclusive,  and  averages 
over  sixteen  inches.  The  interior  valleys  and  tablelands  are  suitable 
for  raising  deciduous  fruit  trees,  sugar-beets  and  alfalfa,  which  requir? 
but  one  or  two  irrigations  per  season. 

The  available  water  supply  is  adequate  for  the  coastal  valleys,  but 
is  deficient  in  volume  for  the  regions  away  from  the  coast.  The  trend 
of  agricultural  development  is  toward  intensive  cultivation  of  small 
farm  units. 

The  use  of  water  for  the  different  crops  varies  from  six  inches  or  less 
for  beans,  vegetables,  and  other  shallow-rooted  plants  grown  along  the 
marginal  agricultural  lands  adjacent  to  the  coast,  to  twenty-four  inches 
or  more  for  alfalfa  in  the  interior  valleys.  The  water  requirements  for 
lands  in  this  section  will  be  less  than  for  Section  1,  the  Los  Angeles 
area,  which  adjoins  it  on  the  southeast,  and  should  be  essentially  the 
same  as  for  Section  2,  the  San  Diego  area.  The  average  net  duty  for 
this  section  therefore,  is  1.5  feet  in  depth. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  in  per  cent  of  the  annual  sup- 
ply is : 

January     2  per  cent 

February     2  per  cent 

March    I 2  per  cent 

April    5  per  cent 

May    12  per  cent 

June 16  per  cent 

July 20  per  cent 

August    16  per  cent 

September     13  per  cent 

October     8  per  cent 

November     2  per  cent 

December     2   per  cent 


54  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFOHNU. 

SECTION     10. 
SALINAS    AND    CONTIGUOUS   VALLEYS. 

Total    agricultural    area 296,000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920 72,000  acres 

Most  of  the  agricultural  lands  of  this  section  are  located  in  the 
lower  Salinas  Valley  in  Monterey  Couuty,  and  extend  from  the  con- 
fluence of  Naeimiento  and  Salinas  rivers  on  the  south,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Salinas  River  on  the  north.  There  are  other  smaller  area.s  of  arable 
lands  to  be  found  in  the  valleys  of  Carmel,  San  Antonio,  Priest,  Bitter- 
water  and  Peach  Tree,  in  Montere.v  and  San  Benito  counties. 

The  soils  of  the  Salinas  Valley  are  derived  from  the  rocks  of  the 
Coast  Range  which  include  a  variety  of  shales,  sandstones,  limestones, 
schists,  gneiss  and  granitic  rock.  The  soils  of  the  bottom  lands  and 
the  alluvial  delta  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  valley  consist  of  recent 
alluvial  deposits  eroded  from  the  variety  of  rocks  occurring  in  the 
drainage  basin  of  the  Salinas  River.  The  soils  range  in  texture  from 
loose  drifting  sands  to  heavy  clay  adobes.  With  the  exception  of  the 
lighter  textured  sandy  types,  the^y  are  of  moderate  to  high  organic- 
matter  content  and  are  productive  under  irrigation.  Drainage  condi- 
tions are  not  quite  so  favorable  for  fruits  in  the  alluvial  delta  as  in 
the  more  elevated  lands  and  terraces,  but  the  former  is  more  favorably 
situated  for  irrigation  and  is  underlaid  by  friable  and  permeable 
stratified  sediments. 

The  average  annual  precipitation  over  the  floor  of  the  lower  Salinas 
Valley  is  fifteen  inches,  of  which  over  80  per  cent  occurs  from  the  first 
of  November  to  the  end  of  March.  The  rainfall  during  the  remaining 
seven  months  is  so  small  and  uncertain  that  it  is  a  negligible  factor 
in  nourishing  plant  life.  Soil  moisture  is  conserved  by  the  prevalence 
of  summer  fogs;  on  the  other  hand,  the  evaporation  of  moisture  is 
increased  by  the  trade  winds  which  enter  the  valley  from  Monterey 
Bay. 

In  common  with  man.y  other  parts  of  the  state,  cereals  grown  without 
irrigation  constitute  the  principal  crop.  Here,  as  elsewhere,  the  yields 
from  grain  crops  have  decreased  and  other  crops,  many  of  which  are 
irrigated,  have  taken  their  place.  Conditions  in  the  lower  Salinas 
Valley  are  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  such  crops  as  alfalfa,  sugar- 
beets,  potatoes  and  beans,  as  well  as  deciduous  orchards,  and  under  a 
suitable  system  of  crop  rotation  large  returns  are  possilile  under  irriga- 
tion. The  greater  portion  of  the  agricultural  lands  of  this  section  have 
adequate  railroad  facilities.  The  Salinas  Valley  is  traversed  from  end 
to  end  by  a  main  line  railroad. 

Water  supply  for  irrigation  may  be  developed  from  the  surface  flow 
or  the  storage  of  the  flood  flow  of  streams,  and  the  pumping  of  under- 
ground water.  Storage  of  the  large  quantity  of  flood  water  which  is 
discharged  annually  into  Monterey  Bay,  would  also  remove  the  flood 
menace  which  threatens  destruction  to  property  along  the  river  banks. 
Pumping  from  underground  water  would  provide  an  excellent  irriga- 
tion supply  as  well  as  prevent  injury  through  the  water-logging  of 
lands  by  too  high  a  rise  of  the  groundwater  level  such  as  has  been 
experienced  in  other  localities  similarly  disposed. 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORXIA.  55 

In  the  past,  development  nnder  irrigation  has  been  retarded  by  the 
large  number  of  ranches  of  more  than  10.000  acres  each.  Until 
recently,  the  sentiment  has  been  opposed  to  irrigation.  As  time  goes 
on.  the  large  land  holdings  will  be  subdivided  and  a  more  intensive 
utilization  of  the  land  be  brought  about.  The  increased  productivity  of 
the  lands  under  irrigation  will  gradually  establish  the  practice  through- 
out the  section. 

The  mea.sured  net  annual  use  is  1.S2  feet  in  depth.  This  is  the 
mean  of  five  records  and  is  the  equivalent  of  one  year's  measurement 
on  5790  acres.     These  data  reveal  that  the  average  net  duty  is  1.75  feet. 

About  nine  inches  of  rain  falls  on  an  average,  during  the  first  four 
months  of  each  calendar  year,  and  for  the  crops  now  grown,  little 
irrigation  water  is  needed  until  the  latter  half  of  April,  neither  will 
water  be  needed,  as  a  rule,  after  the  last  part  of  September.  The 
irrigation  season  may,  therefore,  be  said  to  extend  from  April  15th  to 
September  30th,  with  a  small  use  for  special  requirements  in  both 
March  and  October. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  in  per  cent  of  the  annual  supply 
will  approach  that  of  the  San  Joatiuin  Valley,  modified  for  a  larger 
spring  rainfall,  and  for  the  lower  mean  monthly  temperatures  that 
obtain  in  the  Salinas  Valley,  and  is: 

January    0  per  cent 

February    0  per  cent 

March    2  per  cent 

April    12  per  cent 

May IS  per  cent 

June 20   per  cent 

July   20  per  cent 

August    16  per  cent 

September     10  per  cent 

October     2  per  cent 

November     0  per  cent 

December    0  per  cent 


SECTION  11. 
SANTA  CLARA  AND  ADJACENT  VALLEY  AREAS. 

Total    agricultural    area 530,000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920 147,000  acres 

This  section  lies  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  crest  of  the 
ilount  Diablo  Range,  and  extends  in  a  southeasterly  direction  from 
San  Francisco  Bay,  to  the  ridge  dividing  the  watersheds  of  the  Pajaro 
and  Salinas  rivers,  and  also  to  the  lower  part  of  the  San  Benito  River, 
a  tributary  of  the  Pajaro  River.  It  includes  the  agricultural  lands  of 
all  San  Mateo,  Santa  Cruz.  Alameda  and  Santa  Clara  counties,  most 
of  Contra  Costa  County,  together  with  small  areas  in  Monterey  and 
San  Benito  counties.  These  agricultural  lands  lie  for  the  most  part 
in  the  vallej's  of  Santa  Clara,  Pajaro,  Livermore,  San  Ramon,  and 
Ygnaeio,  and  on  the  coastal  plains  bordering  on  the  .southern  portion 
of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  skirting  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  soils  of  these  valleys  consist  of  alluvial  deposits  derived  from 
the  rocks  of  the   Coast   Range,   which   consist  mainly   of  shales   and 


56  WATER   RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 

sandstones,  with  minor  associated  areas  of  igneous  rocl\S.  Tliese  rocks 
generally  contain  considerable  lime  and  the  resulting  soils  have  not 
been  entirely  leached  of  soluble  materials.  In  many  cases  they  are 
distinctly  calcareous. 

The  .soils  have  been  distributed  mainly  as  alluvial  fan  deposits  by 
minor  intermittent  streams  ancL  by  surface  wash.  They,  therefore, 
occupy  gently  sloping  areas  marginal  to  the  foothills  and  mountains, 
and  are  frequently  traversed  by  somewhat  deeply  cut  stream  channels. 
In  consequence,  natural  drainage  conditions  are  well  developed,  though 
flat  basin-like  areas  of  poor  drainage  occur  in  regions  adjacent  to 
tidewater.  The  soils,  which  are  of  recent  deposition  and  not  materially 
altered  by  weathering  in  place,  are  of  brown  to  black  color,  and  of 
loam,  clay  loam,  and  clay  texture  with  minor  silty,  fine  sandy  or 
gravell.y  variations.  Prevailing  texture  and  structure  are  such  as  to 
favor  water-holding  capacity  and  retention  of  moisture,  under  suitable 
cultural  methods.  Some  of  the  heavier  textured  types,  however,  have 
pronounced  adobe  characteristics  and  demand  careful  management 
in  irrigation  and  cultivation.  Limited  areas  occur  in  wliich  soil 
materials  occupying  the  more  elevated  slopes,  have  been  modified  by 
weathering  in  place,  leaving  compact  subsoils  in  which  percolation  and 
subdrainage  is  arrested,  and  which  are  less  well  adapted  to  tree  fruits 
and  the  deeper  rooted  crops.  The  soils  of  these  valleys  are  represented 
by  a  wide  variety  of  types,  which,  owing  to  their  pronounced  physical 
character  and  to  the  special  adaption  to  certain  fruits,  vine  and  truck 
crops,  have  materially  inflnencecl  the  development  of  agricultural  and 
cultural  methods. 

The  average  annual  amount  of  rain  which  falls  on  the  agricultural 
lands  of  this  section,  is  eighteen  inches :  of  this  total,  about  three- 
quarters  occurs  during  the  four  rainy  winter  months  of  December, 
January,  February  and  March ;  the  four  summer  months  of  June, 
July,  August  and  Septemlicr  are  iiraetically  rainless,  and  have  a  mean 
precipitation  of  but  half  an  inch,  while  the  remaining  spring  and 
autumn  months  make  up  the  balance,  or  one-quarter  of  the  total. 

The  temperature  is  uniform.  The  mean  annual  temperature 
is  58  degrees,  and  there  is  less  than  19  degrees  variation  between  the 
mean  temperature  of  the  coldest  month  in  winter,  and  the  warmest  in 
summer. 

The  transportation  facilities  of  this  section  are  exceptional.  Three 
transcontinental  railways  traverse  the  locality,  which  have  their 
terminals  on  the  ocean  harbor  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  section.  Numerous  branch  railway  and  feeder  lines, 
sidings,  stations  and  yards  are  distributed  throughout  the  area.  ^lany 
hard  surfaced  highways  give  ease  of  communication  and  opportunity 
for  motor  transport. 

Marketing  centers  with  storage  plants,  precoolers,  ice  and  refrigerat- 
ing plants,  canneries  and  exaporators,  are  interspersed  over  the  district 
and  in  some  of  the  valleys,  the  line  of  communication  is  bordered  by 
almost  continuous  urban  settlements. 

Forty  to  fifty  years  ago,  wheat  was  the  prevailing  crop.  I^ater, 
orchard  trees  were  planted  in  the  most  favorable  locations,  and  the 
fruit  from  these  proved  so  profitable  that  the  orchard  area  has  been 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA.  57 

greatly  increased.  Owing-  to  the  demand  for  truck  crops  and  berries 
to  supply  the  urban  population  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  about 
twelve  per  cent  of  the  total  irrigated  area  is  devoted  to  the  growing 
of  these  products.  For  the  same  reasons,  dairy  products  are  readily 
marketed  at  a  profit,  and  about  as  large  an  area  is  planted  to  alfalfa 
and  other  forage  or  root  crops  as  there  is  for  truck  farming.  While 
'fully  a  third  of  the  cultivated  area  is  still  in  cereals,  the  trend  of 
development,  influenced  by  more  profitable  returns,  is  in  the  direction 
of  more  deciduous  orchards:  prune  trees  are  far  in  the  lead  and  also 
more  truck,  vineyards  and  small  fruit  are  being  planted.  AVheu  the 
gi-eater  part  of  the  total  area  of  agricultural  lauds  is  irrigated,  the 
present  trend  of  development  indicates  that  sixty  per  cent  of  the  section 
will  be  planted  to  deciduous  orchards,  fifteen  per  cent  to  grain  and  hay, 
ten  per  cent  to  truck  and  berries,  ten  per  cent  to  alfalfa  and  other  stock 
feed,  and  the  remainder  to  vines  and  raiscellaiieoiis  crops. 

For  the  lauds  thus  far  irrigated,  water  has  been  obtained  for  the 
most  part,  by  pumping  from  wells.  This  general  practice  has  lowered 
the  ground  water  level  and  prevented  the  water-logging  of  soils,  except 
in  a  few  limited  areas.  This  draft  on  the  underground'  basins,  particu- 
larly in  manv  })arts  nf  Santa  Clara  Valley,  has  been  much  greater  than 
the  natural  replenishment  resulting  in  a  decided  lowering  of  the  water 
table,  a  lessening  of  the  discharge  of  wells,  and  an  increase  in  the  cost  of 
pumping  water.  While  the  streams  are  torrential  in  character,  being 
high  after  heavy  rains  in  winter  and  early  spring  and  very  low  or 
without  water  in  midsummer,  many  small  and  medium  sized  reservoir 
sites  may  be  utilized  for  the  storage  of  water.  By  storing  a  part  of 
the  run-off  from  non-tillable  lands  and  conveying  the  stored  water 
by  gravity  to  arable  valley  lands  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  a  much 
larger  area  can  be  irrigated  from  the  surface  run-ott  than  is  now 
watered.  The  seepage  losses  fi'om  such  reservoirs  and  gravity  canals, 
and  deep  percolation  losses  from  the  irrigated  fields,  would  tend  to 
raise  the  ground  water  level  in  underground  basins,  increase  the  area 
irrigated  from  wells,  and  decrease  the  present  cost  of  pumping. 

Taking  into  consideration  the  amount  of  the  winter  rainfall,  the 
compactness  of  the  arable  soils  and  subsoils,  the  relatively  low  evap- 
oration, and  further  that  the  greater  part  of  the  crops  raised  in  the 
future  will  require  a  comparatively  small  quantity  of  irrigation  water, 
the  data  disclose  that  the  average  net  duty  is  1.5  feet  annually  on  the 
agricultural  lands  of  this  section. 

The  monthly  use  of  water  depends  chiefly  on  the  crops  grown. 
Since  the  climatic  and  soil  conditions  are  well  adapted  to  the  produc- 
tion of  deciduous  fruits,  more  especially  prunes  and  apricots,  it  is 
reasonable  to  expect  that  this  crop  will  predominate  in  the  future  as 
it  does  at  present,  and  that  it  will  influence  to  a  large  extent,  the 
monthly  distribution  of  the  seasonal  use  of  water.  The  large  acreage 
devoted  to  prunes  requires  the  greatest  quantity  of  water  in  June,  with 
more  in  SeiDtember  and  October,  than  in  July  and  August.  Offsetting 
this  unequal  monthly  distribution,  the  alfalfa  and  truck  crops  recpiire 
a  relatively  large  (juantity  of  water  in  July  and  August. 


58  WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

Considering  the  records  of  the  monthly  nse  of  water,  and  of  eon- 
sumption  of  electric  power  for  pumping  groundwater  for  agricultural 
purposes  during  the  past  few  years,  the  desirable  monthly  use  of 
irrigation  water  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal  supply  is: 

January    0  per  cent 

February    0  per  cent 

March    4  per  cent 

April    6  per  cent 

May 15  per  cent 

June 20  per  cent 

July     15   per  cent 

August     15  per  cent 

September    14  per  cent 

October     9  per  cent 

November     2  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


SECTION  12. 
DELTA  LANDS  OF  SAN  JOAQUIN  AND  SACRAMENTO  VALLEYS. 

Total    agricultural    area 4.'"i3.000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920 390,000  acres 

This  section  is  located  along  and  adjacent  to  the  lower  stretches  of 
the  Sacramento,  San  Joaquin  and  Mokelumne  rivers.  These  lands 
lie  south  of  Sacramento,  west  of  Stockton,  north  of  Lathrop  and 
Tracy  and  extend  westerly  to  Suisun  Bay.  They  include  portions 
of  San  Joaquin,  Sacramento,  Contra  Costa,  Yolo  and  Solano  counties. 

The  agricultural  lands  of  this  section  are  of  a  flat  surface  conforma- 
tion. Oi"iginally  a  tule  marsh,  the  land  surface  of  which  was  below 
sea  level,  occupied  a  very  considerable  part  of  the  section.  Numerous 
winding  channels  and  sloughs  connect  with  the  several  branches  of  the 
river,  and  divide  this  section  into  islands  and  peninsulas  of  a  few 
hundred  to  several  thousand  acres  in  extent. 

The  banks  along  the  channels  have  been  built  up  through  the  deposit 
of  sediment  that  takes  place  during  the  overflow  from  these  channels, 
and  these  banks  are  usually  several  feet  above  the  general  level  of 
the  land  lying  away  from  the  channels.  The  lands  in  the  peninsulas 
rise  above  sea  level  and  continually  increase  their  altitude  as  they 
approach  the  body  of  land  from  which  they  project,  but  no  part  of 
Section  12  is  more  than  a  few  feet  above  sea  level. 

Most  of  the  area  is  now  either  fully  or  partly  protected  again.st  over- 
flow, occasioned  by  high  tides  and  floods,  by  surrounding  levees  that 
have  been  built  on  or  near  the  banks  of  the  channels  that  make  their 
devious  way  through  this  section  Interior  drainage  of  the  excess  rain 
water  is  collected  by  means  of  ditches,  and  removed  by  pumps,  which 
also  serve  to  collect  and  remove  seepage  waters  from  the  rivers  rising 
too  near  or  above  the  surface  level  of  the  low  lands. 

The  more  elevated  banks  and  the  islands  farthest  up  stream  in  the 
rivers  are  composed  of  a  silt  loam.  The  back  or  land  side  of  the  penin- 
sulas merge  into  the  same  soil  as  the  main  body  land,  which  is  generally 
a  sandy  or  silt  loam.  The  main  body  of  these  islands  and  peninsulas 
is  composed  of  a  silt  loam  and  decayed  roots  of  tule  and  other  aquatic 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  59 

plants,  and  varies  from  soils  iu  which  the  silt  loam  predominates,  to 
lighter  peat  soil  containing  little  mineral  matter.  The  heavier  peat 
soils  along  the  margin  of  this  section  may  attain  a  depth  of  ten  feet, 
and  are  underlaid  by  sediment  or  elay.  !Much  of  the  lighter  peat  soil 
will  float,  and  is  of  great  depth,  underlaid  with  a  coarser  peat.  The 
soils  of  this  delta  are  known  for  their  remarkable  productiveness. 

The  climatic  conditions  differ  from  the  remainder  of  the  San  Joa- 
quin Valley,  in  that  the  summer  temperatures  are  somewhat  lower  and 
the  humidity  is  higher.  The  mean  annual  rainfall  is  about  eighteen 
inches. 

The  most  important  crops  are  potatoes,  asparagus,  corn,  barley, 
beans  and  celery.  Some  of  the  best  orchards  in  the  state  are  located 
on  the  higher  lands  adjacent  to  the  river  banks.  Alfalfa  is  grown  on 
the  silt  loam  and  heavier  peat  soils. 

Excellent  water  transportation  is  available  for  nearly  all  the  area, 
so  that  the  products  of  the  district  can  be  cheaply  delivered  to  Sacra- 
mento, Stockton  or  San  Francisco.  There  are  a  number  of  good 
highways,  and  good  railroad  transportation  facilities  are  available 
along  the  margins  of  this  section. 

The  water  supply  for  these  lands  consists  of  ground  moisture 
replenished  from  rainfall  and  river  seepage,  and  that  taken  out  from 
the  adjacent  rivers  or  sloughs  and  delivered  over  or  through  the  levees 
by  siphons,  pumping  plants  or  culverts. 

During  the  winter  and  spring  months,  the  water  level  in  the  rivers 
and  channels  is  considerably  higher  than  the  surfar-re  of  the  interior 
lands,  and  drainage  pumps  are  operated  to  remove  surplus  rainfall 
and  seepage  water.  Inundation  or  an  excessively  high  water  table  is 
so  prevented.  Beginning  in  the  latr-  spring,  and  la,sting  through  the 
remainder  of  the  growing  season,  the  water  table  is  too  low  for  sub- 
irrigation  of  the  predominant  shallow-rooted  crops,  and  the  dry  top 
soil  is  therefore  moistened  by  irrigation.  IMost  of  the  area  is  irrigated 
by  running  sufficient  water  in  .small  ditches  to  raise  and  maintain  the 
water  table  at  the  desired  depth  below  the  surface.  Some  of  the 
higher  lands  in  orchard  or  alfalfa,  are  surface  irrigated.  The  depth 
to  the  water  table  for  much  of  this  land  is  not  over  six  feet,  and  is 
maintained  nearly  uniform  throughout  the  growing  season. 

The  high  productivity  of  these  delta  lands  encouraged  early  efforts 
toward  their  reclamation,  and  nearly  all  of  the  area  is  now  organized 
in  reclamation  districts,  which  have  constructed  protection  works 
against  inundation  by  the  high  water  in  the  adjacent  channels,  occa- 
sioned by  floods  and  tides.  The  lands  are  generally  intensively  farmed 
and  fuliy  utilized.  Future  development  will  consist  principally  in 
construction  of  works  for  greater  safety  against  floods,  and  in  the 
extension  of  irrigation  to  all  the  lands  in  the  delta. 

Much  of  the  land  drains  readily,  and  the  surplus  irrigation  water 
which  reaches  the  drains,  is  pumped  back  into  the  rivers  or  channels 
during  the  same  period  that  irrigation  water  is  also  pumped  into  the 
district.  Two  years"  records  of  the  irrigation  watc-  pumped  in  and 
drainage  water  pumped  out,  of  a  typical  district  iu  this  area,  indicate 
a  use  of  somewhat  less  than  1.5  feet  in  depth.  These  considerations 
disclose  an  average  net  annual  dnU-  for  the  entire  section  of  1.5  feet. 


60  WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

The  monthly  use  of  water  is  determined  by  the  presence  of  surplus 
rain  and  seepaofe  waters  in  the  soil.  Irrigation  is  not  ner-essary  during 
the  periods  in  which  the  drainage  pumps  operate  to  hold  the  ground 
water  plane  down.  For  this  reason,  irrigation  is  not  started  as  early 
as  in  the  adjoining  parts  of  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 
The  irrigation  season  is  therefore  shorter,  and  because  of  the  nature 
of  the  crops,  the  maximum  use  occurs  in  July. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  of  the  irrigation  supply,  in  per 
cent  of  the  total  seasonal  use,  is : 

January    0   per  cent 

February    0   per  cent 

March    0  per  cent 

April    0  per  cent 

May   8  per  cent 

June 22   per  cent 

July     30   per  cent 

August     25   per  cent 

September     15  per  cent 

October     0  per  cent 

November     0  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


SECTION  13. 
SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  FLOOR. 

Total    agricultural    area 2,694,000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920__    662,000  acres 

This  section  comprises  about  one-third  of  the  total  agricultural  area 
of  the  great  central  valley,  and  contains  one-eighth  of  the  total 
agricultural  area  of  the  State  of  California..  It  extends  from  the 
delta  of  Sacramento  Eiver  on  the  south,  to  Redding  on  the  north,  a 
distance  of  170  miles;  it  contains  land  in  Solano,  Sacramento,  Placer, 
Yolo,  Sutter,  Yuba,  Colusa,  Glenn,  Butte,  Tehama  and  Shasta  counties. 

The  average  slope  of  the  tloor  of  the  valley  from  north  to  south,  is 
about  three  feet  per  mile,  attaining  to  a  maximum  of  five  and  one-half 
feet  and  a  minimum  of  less  than  one  foot.  From  Redding  to  the 
mouth  of  Stony  Creek,  a  distance  of  about  ninety  miles,  the  Sacramento 
River  flows  through  its  deepest  cut  in  the  valley  tloor,  but  below  this 
point,  through  most  of  its  course,  the  river  occupies  a  ridge  higher  than, 
and  nearly  parallel  to,  troughs  in  the  bottom  of  the  overflow  basins  on 
either  side.  The  flood  area  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  is  separated 
into  two  basins,  the  Colusa  on  the  north  and  the  Yolo  on  the  south, 
by  a  ridge  of  detritus  deposited  by  Cache  Creek.  There  are  four 
basins  on  the  east  .side  of  the  river,  which  are  known  from  north  to 
south  as  the  Butte,  Sutter,  American  and  Sacramento  basins,  and  are 
separated  by  the  Marysville  Buttes.  the  Feather  and  American  rivers 
respectively.  On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  there  are  alluvial  fans  or 
ridges  of  considerable  area  at  the  mouths  of  tributaries.  These  fans  or 
ridges  have  slopes  that  are  much  steeper,  and  elevations  that  are  greater, 
than  the  adjacent  floor  of  the  valley,  but  most  of  the  irrigable  lands 
of  the  section  are  flat  in  slope  and  lie  below  the  200-foot  level.     They 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA.  61 

attain  a  maximum  of  550  feet  in  tlie  extreme  north,  and  drop  to  a  mini- 
iiiuni  in  the  south,  of  less  than  15  feet  in  elevation. 

Most  of  the  soil  of  this  section  is  sedimentary  in  origin.  About 
thirty  per  cent  of  the  area  is  clay  or  clay  adobe;  of  the  lemainder,  about 
one-half  is  silt,  sandy  or  gravel  loams,  and  the  balance  a  clay  loam. 
Centrally  located,  for  the  most  part  in  the  poorly  drained  sections  of 
the  valley,  are  considerable  areas  in  alkali  lands,  but  in  these  areas 
the  highly  concentrated  form  of  salts,  injurious  to  plant  growth,  is  not 
common.  On  much  of  the  land,  good  crops  of  grain  have  been  produced 
by  dry-farm  methods,  and  during  the  last  few  years  large  areas  have 
been  successfully  developed  to  rice  culture,  lands  that  hitherto  have 
been  thought  unsuitable  to  agriculture.  The  area  of  alkali  land,  which 
is  irreclaimable  and  of  no  agricultural  value,  is  a  very  limited  portion 
of  the  entire  section.  Hardpan  and  indurated  clay  subsoils  are 
encountered  at  various  depths  in  many  localities  throughout  the  valley. 

Climatic  conditions  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  southerly  portion 
of  tlie  great  valley,  with  the  exception  that  the  rainfall  is  somewhat 
greater.  Of  the  annual  precipitation,  SO  per  cent  occurs  From  November 
to  Jlarch,  inclusive.  The  range  is  from  about  fifteen  inches  in  the 
southern,  to  thirty  inches  in  the  northern  part  of  the  section,  and  aver- 
ages twenty-two  inches  for  the  whole  area.  The  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture is  63  degrees,  wiith  a  raage  of  monthly  means  from  46  degrees  in 
January  to  80  degrees  in  July.  ]Minimums  below  20  degrees  and  maxi- 
mums of  110  degrees,  are  of  occasional  occurrence.  During  the 
rainy  .season  the  prevailing  winds  are  fiom  the  south.  There  are  drying 
north  winds  which  vary  in  intensity  during  the  spring  and  summer 
months.  The  latter  are  of  low  humidity  and  have  a  decided  influence 
in  increasing  the  water  requii-ements  of  the  entire  section. 

The  growing  season  is  long  and  has  an  average  frost-free  period 
from  the  middle  of  February  to  the  last  week  in  November. 

At  the  present  time  most  of  the  land  is  dry-farmed  to  grain.  Of 
the  irrigated  portion,  about  one-fifth  is  devoted  to  rice,  and  the  balance 
to  alfalfa,  fruits  and  miscellaneous  crops.  There  are  portions  of  the 
section  which  appear  to  be  particularly  adapted  to  specialized  crops, 
such  as  rice,  olives,  almonds  and  certain  deciduous  fruits,  and  these 
localities  are  gradually  developing  their  specialities.  The  rice-growiug 
area  is  located  largely  in  South  (ilenn.  South  Butte,  Colusa,  Sutter  and 
Yolo  counties.  Oranges  are  grown  in  Glenn  and  Tehama  counties;  olives 
are  a  specialty  in  Sutter,  almonds  in  Yolo,  and  in  nearly  any  one  of 
the  counties  some  particular  fruit  predominates.  Alfalfa  is  a  stablc 
forage  crop  that  can  be  successfully  grown  on  mo.st  of  the  area,  if  the 
moisture  conditions  are  made  favorable  for  it. 

The  trend  of  development  indicates  that  a  large  portion  of  this 
section,  when  irrigation  supplies  have  been  developed  for  its  watering, 
will  he  devoted  to  general  crops  and  to  the  production  of  staple  food- 
stutfs,  dairy  and  meat  products. 

Transportation  facilities  are  excellent.  There  are  two  transconti- 
nental rail  lines,  four  branch  lines,  four  electric  railways  and  numerous 
highways,  together  with  water  transportation  on  the  Sacramento  River 
to  San  Francisco  Bay. 


62  WATER   RESOURCES   OP   CALIFORNIA. 

The  principal  sources  of  water  supply  are  the  Sacramento  River 
and  its  tributaries.  The  most  important  tributaries  on  the  east  side 
are  the  Pit,  Feather  and  American  rivers;  on  the  west  side  tlie  Thoines, 
Stony,  Cache  and  Putali  creeks.  These  streams  have  large  flows  during 
the  winter  and  spring,  but  the  summer  flows  dwindle  to  almost  nothing 
in  the  Coast  Range  streams,  and  in  the  Sierra  streams,  to  small  fractions 
of  the  winter  discharge. 

Natural  drainage  conditions  are  very  fair  in  the  higher  ground  at 
the  rim  of  the  valley,  but  in  the  low  land  of  the  overflow  basins,  the 
heavy  subsoil  and  low  elevation  of  the  land  require  particular  atten- 
tion to  artificial  drainage. 

Prior  to  1880,  water  was  used  for  irrigating  but  a  few  small  areas 
in  the  Sacramento  Valley.  The  works  were  crude,  and  the  lands 
irrigated  were  in  small  tracts  adjacent  to  the  streams.  In  1887,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  bring  a  larger  area  in  Glenn  and  Colusa  counties 
under  irrigation  through  the  organization  of  the  t'entral  District  under 
the  State  Irrigation  District  Act.  Difficulties  in  financing  the  district 
caused  construction  work  to  be  abandoned  in  1891,  but  some  land  was 
brought  under  irrigation  and  continued  the  use  of  water.  In  1903,  the 
works  w'ere  taken  over  by  a  land  and  water  company  which  was  suc- 
ceeded later  by  a  number  of  irrigation  districts,  the  largest  of  which  is 
the  Glenn-Colusa  District.  In  Glenn  and  Colusa  counties,  there  are  now 
six  districts  organized  under  the  state  law  and  one  constructed  under 
the  Federal  Reclamation  Act,  and  their  irrigation  works  are  practically 
all  completed.     This  development  has  taken  place  since  1910. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  river,  development  started  earlier,  mostly 
under  private  enterprise.  It  has  also  progressed  rapidly  during  the 
past  ten  years.  There  are  now  considerable  areas  which  are  served  by 
pumping  ground  water  from  wells.  As  a  whole,  the  irrigation  works 
already  constructed  in  this  section  are  of  a  capacity  far  exceeding  the 
unregulated  water  supply,  and-,  unless  in  the  future,  reservoirs  are 
constructed  to  store  winter  floods,  the  rapid  development  now  in  prog- 
ress will  be  checked  or  may  cease  altogether. 

The  average  measured  annual  use  for  this  section  is  3.88  feet  in  depth, 
but  the  area  on  which  these  measurements  were  made  comprises  a  much 
larger  percentage  of  land  in  rice  than  will  occur  on  the  full  development 
of  the  section. 

About  200,000  acres  is  the  maximum  which  will  be  devoted  to  rice 
culture.  Of  this  no  more  than  one-half,  to  at  most  three-fourths,  will 
actually  be  planted  to  rice  each  year;  the  balance  will  be  either  fallow, 
or  planted  to  crops  on  which  no  water  will  be  used,  in  order  to  destroy 
the  water  grass.  Use  of  water  for  rice  has  been  from  four  to  seven 
feet  per  year  and  averages  around  six  feet  in  depth.  For  the  whole  area 
primarily  devoted  to  rice,  the  average  annual  water  refpiirement  is  three 
feet.  The  average  net  duties  for  other  crops  are :  orchard  and  vineyard, 
1.5  feet;  alfalfa  and  general  crops,  2.7  feet;  rice,  for  the  portion  of  land 
in  crop,  6  feet,  or  for  the  total  area  devoted  to  rice,  3  feet.  Some  citrus 
fruits  will  be  grown,  but  the  amount  of  water  required  by  these  in 
excess  of  1.5  feet  should  be  offset  by  the  much  larger  area  of  other  fruits 
requiring  less  than  this  amount.     Based  on  the  trend  of  development 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNU.  63 

and  these  considerations,  the  average  net  annual  duty  of  water  for  the 
entire  section  is  2.25  feet  in  depth. 

Much  data  liave  been  collected  on  the  monthh  use  of  water.  During 
years  when  there  is  a  short  rainfall  after  January,  some  water  is  used 
prior  to  April  1st,  but  the  irrigation  season  under  average  conditions 
opens  about  April  1st  and  closes  in  October.  Oranges  and  lemons 
usually  require  water  after  October,  but  the  area  on  which  these  crops 
will  be  grown,  is  small  and  does  not  appreciably  affect  the  general 
distribution.  The  desirable  monthly  use  is  indicated  by  the  measured 
use  in  the  past.  Some  projects  or  systems  serve  primarily  rice  lands, 
while  others  supply  water  for  genera!  crops  with  no  rice.  The  monthly 
use  on  these  projects,  combined  in  the  proper  proportion  for  rice  and 
other  crops,  determine  the  desirable  monthly  distribution  of  the  annual 
supply. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  in  per  cent  of  the  sea.sonal  supply 
for  this  section,  is : 

January     0  per  cent 

February    0  per  cent 

March    1  per  cent 

April    5  per  cent 

May   16  per  cent 

June 20  per  cent 

July    22   per  cent 

August    20  per  cent 

September    12  per  cent 

October     4  per  cent 

November     0  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


SECTION    14. 

SIERRA   FOOTHILLS,  AND   ROLLING   PLAINS  EAST  AND  WEST  OF 
SACRAMENTO    VALLEY    FLOOR. 

Total    agricultural    area 2,305,000  acres 

Area    under    irrigation    in    1920--      87,000  acres 

This  section  includes  all  of  the  agricultural  lands  above  the  floor  of 
the  Sacramento  Valley,  lying  along  and  including  the  foothills  of  both 
the  Sierra  and  Coast  Range  mountains.  It  extends  from  the  Mokel- 
nmne  River  on  the  south,  to  the  limits  of  the  great  central  valley  on 
the  north  near  Redding,  and  thence  around  the  north  end  of  the 
valley  and  down  the  western  side  to  Cache  Creek  near  Woodland. 
About -four-fifths  of  the  land  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley  floor 
between  the  Mokelumne  and  Feather  rivers.  The  largest  compact 
area  on  the  west  side  lies  in  southern  Shasta  County. 

Tlie  arable  lands  of  this  section  are  not  continuous,  out  consist  for 
the  most  part,  of  detached  areas  of  low  rolling  hills  and  small  valleys 
somewhat  broken  by  gullies  and  canyons.  The  variation  in  altitude 
is  great,  ranging  from  around  100  feet  near  the  floor  of  the  valley  to 
2500  feet  in  the  vicinity  of  Nevada  City,  with  isolated  small  areas 
above  4000  feet.  However,  most  of  the  lands  lie  below  the  600-foot 
contour. 


I 


64  WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  soils  are  primarily  of  weatliered  rock  in  place.  In  the  valleys, 
there  are  sedimentary  and  alluvial  deposits,  but  the  parcels  so  formed 
are  comparatively  small.  A  few  minor  areas  of  sandy  loams  occur 
on  the  higher  slopes  and  along  the  margin  of  the  valley  Hoor.  Shallow 
soils  occur  on  some  of  the  foothill  lands,  but  generally  the  soils  are  of 
good  depth. 

Climatic  conditions  below  the  1500-foot  eli'vatioii,  do  not  vary  greatly 
from  those  of  the  floor  of  the  valley.  The  summers  are  long  and  dry 
and  most  of  th(>  precipitation  occurs  between  Novemlier  and  April. 
Precipitation  generally  increases  with  altitude  and  ranges  from  twenty 
inches  to  forty-five  inches,  and  averages  thirty-two  inches  per 
year.  Temperatures  below  the  1500-foot  level  vary  little  from  those 
of  the  floor  of  the  valley.  For  the  whole  section  the  annual  mean 
is  57  degrees.  Lying  along  the  fo(/thills,  are  warm  belts  of  craisid- 
erable  extent,  where  tlie  winter  temperatures  are  notably  higher  than 
the  average  for  the  valley  floor,  while  in  the  higher  altitudes  much 
lower  temperatures  are  experienced.  The  growing  season  for  the 
section  as  a  whole  is  somewhat  shorter  than  for  the  vallej'  floor.  The 
average  frost-free  period  is  from  the  latter  part  of  March  to  the 
middle  of  November,  excepting  for  limited  areas  located  at  the  higher 
elevations. 

The  variations  in  elevatirin,  rainfall  and  temperature,  make  a  wide 
range  of  crops  po.ssible  in  this  section.  Citrus  fruits  are  succes.'-fully 
grown  throughout  the  thermal  belt,  which  varies  in  altitude  but  is 
always  below  the  1000-foot  contour  Apples,  pears  and  plums  are 
extensively  grown  on  the  higher  elevations,  and  peaches,  cherries, 
prunes,  vines,  olives  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits  are  grown  on  all 
but  the  highest  elevations.  Alfalfa  thrives  on  lands  of  .suitable  surface 
conformatiin  and  texture.  Large  areas  not  irrigated,  are  devoted  to 
grain  and  pasturage.  Fruit  growing  will  dominate  future  irriga- 
tion development. 

Transportation  facilities  are  excellent,  with  two  transcontinental 
railroads  through  the  section  and  electric  lines  traversing  portions  of 
the  area. 

The  surface  conformation  of  this  section  is,  in  general,  very  favorable 
to  natural  drainage  and,  with  proper  precautionai'y  mea,sures  along  the 
valley  margin,  no  serious  water-logging  of  land  should  occur. 

The  Sacramento  River  and  its  tributaries  constitute  -the  available 
water  supply  for  this  section.  The  first  irrigation  practiced  in  the 
section  was  undertaken  as  a  secondary  use  of  water-supplies  developed 
for  mining  purposes.  The  water  was  applied  to  small  tracts  planted  in 
fruits  and  vegetables  and  located  along  the  main  streams.  Many  of  the 
old  mining  ditches  are  still  in  operation,  but  water  .service  for  irriga- 
tion and  power  has  long  been  their  principal  use.  A  large  portion  of 
the  irrigated  land  of  this  section  is  served  through  privately-owned 
irrigation  works.  There  are  also  many  small  cooperative  farmers' 
ditches  and  a  number  of  irrigation  districts  organized  under  the  State 
Act.  Of  the  later  all  are  of  recent  origin,  except  the  Browns  Valley 
District,  which  was  organized  in  1888.  But  a  comparatively  small  part 
of  the  agricultural  lands  are  irrigated.     There  ha.s  been  great  impetus 


WATEK    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNU.  65 

to  irrigation  development  during  the  past  ten  years,  and  a  number  of 
irrigation  projects  of  magnitude  are  at  present  pending. 

There  is  quite  complete  data  on  the  quantity  of  water  used  in  grow- 
ing the  various  crops  for  which  the  section  is  noted.  The  water  supply 
for  the  land  now  uuder  irrigation  is,  with  few  exceptions,  ample,  and 
the  amount  applied  closely  represents  crop  needs.  Mea.surements  indi- 
cate that  the  use  of  water  now  ranges  from  1  foot  to  2.5  feet  in  depth, 
depending  largely  on  the  variety  of  crops  and  soil.  The  average 
for  all  measurements  is  1.47  feet  deep.  It  is  not  likely  that,  as  this 
area  is  further  developed  to  irrigated  crops,  there  will  be  much  change 
in  the  relative  proportion  of  crops  now  grown,  and  the  water  require- 
ments will  be  about  the  same  for  the  future  as  in  the  present.  The 
average  annual  duty  of  water  for  the  entire  section  is  1.5  feet  in  depth. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  expressed  in  .per  cent  of  the 
seasonal  irrigation  supply  is  well  indicated  by  the  past  use  on  irrigation 
systems,  and  is : 

.January    0   per  cent 

February    0  per  cent 

March    2   per  cent 

April    2  per  cent 

May 15  per  cent 

June ^  20   per  cent 

July     22  per  cent 

August    20   per    cent 

September    13  per  cent 

October     5  per  cent 

November     1  per  cent 

December     0   per  cent 


SECTION  15. 
NORTH  COAST  AREA. 

Total    agricultural    area 624,000  acres 

Area   under   irrigation    in    1920—      22,300  acres 

This  section  extends  from  San  Franisco  Bay  to  the  Oregon  line,  and 
comprises  the  westerly  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  Mountains  north  of  San 
Francisco.  It  contains  the  drainage  basins  of  the  Eel,  Russian,  Mad, 
Salmon,  and  the  lower  portions  of  the  Trinity  and  Klamath  rivers, 
together  with  those  of  Sonoma  and  Napa  creeks. 

The  elevation  of  the  arable  land  varies  from  just  above  sea  level  to 
1500  feet,  but  most  of  it  lies  below  elevation  500  feet.  The  section  is 
divided  into  five  main  basins,  one  on  each  of  the  Russian,  Eel  and  ilad 
rivers,  and  on  Sonoma  and  Napa  creeks.  There  are  numerous  small 
mountain  valleys  throughout  the  area,  the  largest  of  which  is  adjacent 
to  Clear  Lake.  The  basin  of  the  Russian  River  contains  the  largest  com- 
pact body  of  tillable  land.  All  parts  of  the  section  are  more  or  less 
cut  up  by  the  numerous  tributaries  which  enter  the  main  streams. 

In  general  the  soil  is  of  sedimentary  formation  and  quite  fertile. 

The  temperatures  over  the  coastal  valleys  are  moderate  and  quite 
uniform  throughout  the  whole  section,  and  they  are  modified  by  the 
proximity  of  the  ocean.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is  56  degrees. 
The  rainfall,  occurring  mostly  between  November  and  April,  reaches 

5—20273 


66  WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 

100  inches  or  more  in  the  extreme  north  and  averages  over  35  inches 
per  iiunnm  for  the  whole  section.  While  the  summers  are  long  there 
is  little  extreme  heat.  Along  the  coast  there  is  some  rainfall  during  the 
summer  montlis.  Over  a  considerable  area  summer  fogs  have  an 
influence  on  moisture  conditions  b.v  reducing  evaporation  and  plant 
transpiration. 

Tlie  growing  season  is  somewhat  shorter  than  for  the  Sacramento 
Valley  to  the  east.  The  average  frost-free  period  is  from  the  first 
week  in  May  to  the  latter  part  of  October. 

The  cultivated  areas  in  the  southern  or  main  portion  of  the  section, 
are  devoted  to  growing  fruits  and  grapes.  In  the  north,  forage  is  the 
principal  crop.  Transportation  and  marketing  facilities  are  good  for 
the  area  south  of  Humboldt  County.  Ocean  and  rail  transportation  arc 
available  for  the  coastal  regions  of  most  of  the  northern  part  of  this 
section. 

Because  of  the  sloping  surface  conformations  of  the  agricultural 
lands  in  this  section,  the  drainage  of  the  surplus  water  has  presented 
no  difficulties.  Water  from  the  Russian,  Eel,  ilad  and  Klamath  rivers 
and  their  tributaries  will  amply  supply  iri-igation  needs. 

Due  to  greater  rainfall,  irrigation  development  has  not  received  the 
impulse  that  it  has  in  other  parts  of  the  state.  While  orchards  and 
vineyards  thrive  without  irrigation,  especially  near  the  coast,  it  is 
a  distinct  advantage  to  irrigate  all  ei'ops  wherever  accessory  waters  are 
available.  In  time,  irrigation  will  be  the  general  practice  throughout 
most  of  the  section. 

Tlie  average  measured  net  annual  use  is  1.52  feet  but  the  considera- 
tions here  presented  reveal  that  the  desirable  net  annual  duty  of  water 
for  this  section  is  1.25  feet  in  depth. 

The  desirable  monthly  distribution  of  the  irrigation  sui^idy,  in  per 
cent  of  the  total  seasonal  use,  is: 

January  0  per  cent 

February  0  per  cent 

March  0  per  cent 

April  10  per  cent 

May 20  per  cent 

June 20  per  cent 

July    20  per  cent 

August    17  per  cent 

September    11  per  cent 

October     2  per  cent 

November    0  per  cent 

December    0  per  cent 


SECTION    16. 

NORTHEASTERN   MOUNTAIN-VALLEY  AND  PLATEAU   AREAS. 

Total    agricultural    area 1,598,000  acres 

Area   under    irrigation    in    1920..    333,000  acres     " 

This  section  extends  from  near  the  crest  of  the  Sierras  north  of  Lake 
Tahoe,  to  Oregon  and  Nevada,  and  consists  of  mountain  valleys  and 
plateaus  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state;  it  includes  all  of  the 
arable  lands  of  Siskiyou,  Modoc  and  Lassen  counties,  practically  all  of 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNU.  67 

Sierra  and  Plumas  counties,  and  a  portion  of  the  lands  in  Shasta 
County. 

The  agricultural  lands  are  located  on  plateaus  and  in  mountain 
valleys  that  range  in  elevation  from  2.000  to  5,000  feet.  Generally  the 
slopes  are  moderate  and  the  larger  areas  of  agiueultural  land  are  com- 
paratively level.    JIany  lakes  are  scattered  throughout  the  section. 

The  soils  are  formed  principally  from  the  weathering  of  volcanic 
rocks  and  are  generally  light  and  easily  tillable.  There  are  many  tracts 
of  swamp  lands  which  require  drainage  before  they  can  be  cultivated, 
but  when  reclaimed,  are  verj'  fertile. 

There  is  a  wide  variation  in  the  annual  precipitation,  ranging  from 
less  than  14  inches  in  the  northern  part  of  the  section  to  more  than  40 
inches  in  the  southern  part.  The  annual  average  is  22  inches.  Tem- 
peratures are  low  with  great  extremes  between  summer  and  winter. 
The  annual  mean  is  48  degrees.  The  growing  season  is  short.  The 
average  frost-free  period  extends  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  last 
week  in  August. 

About  five-sixths  of  the  area  lies  within  tlie  arid  belt  in  which  little 
can  be  gromi  without  irrigation.  The  land  now  under  irrigation  is 
almost  entireh'  cropped  to  pasture,  hay  and  grain,  and  its  ownership 
is  in  large  tracts.  Climatic  conditions  will  limit  the  introduction  of 
new  crops.  Only  fair  transportation  and  marketing  facilities  are 
afforded  a  large  portion  of  the  area. 

With  the  extension  of  irrigation,  the  water-logging  of  much  land 
and  the  accumulation  of  alkali  at  the  ground  surface  is  apt  to  occur 
over  large  tracts  in  this  section. 

This  region  is  principally  dependent  for  its  water  supply  upon  small 
streams  and  the  headwaters  of  the  Shasta,  Pit  and  Feather  rivers ;  and 
this  source  of  supply  has  reached  its  maximum  development  unless 
winter  flood  waters  are  stored. 

Water  has  been  used  for  irrigation  since  the  early  settlement  of  the 
section,  but  only  ^\'ithin  recent  years  has  development  been  rapid.  Much 
of  this  in  the  past  has  been  through  the  cooperative  efforts  of  the 
farmers.  Some  large  projects  have  been  undertaken  by  private  inter- 
ests, and  plans  have  recently  been  formed  for  extensive  projects  by 
irrigation  district  organizations. 

The  jjresent  use  of  water  ranges  from  1.25  feet  to  about  2  feet  in 
depth.  The  average  for  the  section,  determined  from  twenty-six  records 
e([uivalent  to  one  year's  measurements  on  437,200  acres,  is  1.30  feet. 
Taking  into  account  the  shortage  of  water  that  now  exists  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  season  over  a  very  large  area  in  the  section,  crop 
requirements,  prevailing  temperatures,  rainfall  and  other  climatic 
conditions,  and  past  use,  the  average  net  annual  duty  of  water  for  this 
entire  section  is  1.75  feet  in  depth. 

The  monthly  distribution  of  the  annual  supply  is  indicated  from 
twenty-six  records,  equivalent  to  one  year's  record  on  an  agricultural 
area  of  306,440  acres.  These  should  be  increased,  however,  on  account 
of  the  short  water-supplj'  late  in  the  summer. 


68  WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALrPORNU. 

The  desirable  monthly  use,  expressed  in  per  cent  of  the  total  seasonal 
supply,  is: 

January    0  per  cent 

February    0  per  cent 

March    0   per  cent 

April    3  per  cent 

May   14   per  cent 

Jung 24  per  cent 

July 26  per  cent 

August     21   per  cent 

September     12  per  cent 

October     0  per  cent 

November     0  per  cent 

December     0  per  cent 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP   CALIFORNU. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


NET  AREA  IRRIGATED  IN  LARGE  AGRICULTURAL 
DISTRICTS. 

Contingent  to  an  intensively  developing  agricultural  community;  the 
rural  and  urban  dwellings,  r'outes  of  communication  and  transportation, 
industries,  and  improvements,  occupy  an  increasingly  larger  portion  of 
the  total  area.  The  locality's  natural  resources  enhance  in  value, 
augmenting  the  wealth  with  the  increasing  income  derived.  The  riches 
received  and  credit  created  are  spent  in  enterprises,  the  products  of 
which  are  essential  to  agriculture,  or  in  manufactories,  canneries  and 
evaporators,  or  other  industries,  to  further  prepare  the  agricultural 
product  for  the  use  of  the  public.  Progress  is  further  reflected  in  the 
appearance  and  development  of  facilities  for  the  curing,  chilling,  storage 
and  sale  of  the  farm  product ;  in  the  extension  and  improvement  of 
means  of  transportation ;  in  the  construction  of  warehouses,  sidings, 
yards  and  freight  terminals.  These  improvements  as  they  are  inaugu- 
rated, require  that  areas  of  agricultural  lands  be  given  up  to  industry. 

More  roads  are  required ;  cities  and  towns  extend  their  boundaries ; 
villages  arise  to  become  towTis,  develop  into  cities,  swarming  with 
inhabitants  who  find  emploj-ment  in  manufactories  and  industries 
developed  coincident  to,  or  as  consequence  of,  the  prosperity  initiated 
with  the  successful  agricultural  expansion.  While  the  number  of 
small  farm  holdings  are  increased,  the  land  is  more  vigorously  culti- 
vated, and  production  per  acre  is  enhanced;  the  farm  buildings  needed 
for  this  greater  activity,  occupy  a  larger  proportion  of  the  cultivable 
area.  The  total  value  of  improvements  made,  wealth  created,  and 
income  derived  from  agriculture,  vastlj-  increases  but  the  farmed  area 
tends  to  diminish  with  the  continuance  of  intensive  agriculture.  At 
the  same  time  an  opposing  tendencj'  comes  into  action,  directed  towards 
increasing  the  farmed  area  by  bringing  new  areas  into  cultivation, 
previously  unprofitable  to  farm,  but  now  productive  through  the 
demand  created  by  extended  markets.  These  tendencies  effect  con- 
trarj^  results,  one  making  accretions  to  the  cultivated  area  and  the 
other  causing  subtraction  therefrom,  largely  neutralizing  as  commu- 
nities mature.  In  the  end,  the  conclusion  is  inescapable  that  all  the 
cultivable  lands  will  not  eventually  be  planted  to  crops,  for  roads, 
canals,  warehouses,  railroads,  farm  buildings  and  dwellings,  villages, 
towns  and  cities  there  must  be,  and  these  will  increase,  but  irrigation 
water  is  required  only  for  the  cropped  area. 

The  extent  of  .settlement  which  will  prevail  in  the  future,  may  be 
conceived  only  by  comparison  with  the  rise  and  growth  of  commu- 
nities which  at  this  day  have  reached  a  stage  of  fairly  den.se  population. 
The  Santa  Clara  Valley,  in  Central  California,  is  one  of  the  highly 
developed  farming  areas  of  the  state,  and  here  eight  per  cent  of  the 
total  agricultural  lands  are  occupied  by  cities  and  towns,  and  these  are 
still  growing.     In  the  San  Gabriel  Valley,  in  southern  California,  a 


70 


WATER   RESOURCEvS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


rich  farming  area  tributary  to  Los  Angeles,  seven  per  cent  of  the  total 
agricultural  area  is  within  tlie  boundaries  of  cities  and  towns,  and  these 
are  growing  at  an  accelerated  rate. 

There  are  lands  that  are  naturally  unfit  for  cultivation,  such  as 
rocky  and  alkali  spots,  high  knolls  and  stream  beds.  These  will  never 
be  irrigated.  Further,  in  each  .season  a  portion  of  the  total  area  will 
remain  fallow,  other  portions  will  be  planted  but  not  watered,  and  irri- 
gation water  will  not  be  required  for  either.  In  a  closely-settled  section, 
the  sum  total  of  the  unirrigated  land  may  sometimes  be  a  very  consider- 
able part  of  the  total  area. 

Since  cities  of  mature  gi'owth  and  dense  population  use  water  about 
equal  to  that  required  for  irrigating  crops  on  an  equal  area,  the  total 
consumption  of  water  in  any  district  for  both  domestic  and  irrigation 
supplies  will  not  become  much  less  as  agricultural  land  is  relinquished 
for  city  development.  The  expansion  of  less  mature  and  more  disperse 
towns  will,  however,  tend  to  deci'ease  the  water  consumption  for  the 
locality.  Because  of  the  great  complexity  of  these  considerations  and 
the  probability  that  the  use  of  water  in  the  centers  of  population  will 
approximate  that  on  an  equal  area  of  agricultural  land,  the  future 
water  reciuirements  of  large  areas  for  both  agricultural  and  domestic 
purpo.ses,  may.  best  be  estimated  as  the  irrigation  requirements  of  the 
net  area  which  will  eventually  be  irrigated,  plus  the  areas  of  the  cities, 
towns  and  villages  of  the  ultimate  development. 


TABLE  3. 


PORTION  OF  AGRICULTURAL  AREAS  THAT 
REQUIRE  A  WATER  SUPPLY. 


Agricultural  areas. 

Gross  area 
within  the 

ui.trict 
boundaries. 

Acres. 

Land  that  will 
not  require 
water  being 
absolutely 
unfit  for 
irrigation. 
Acres. 

Irrigable  areas 

occupied  by 

improvements 

outside  of 

population 

centers. 

Acres. 

Net  area 
requiring  a 
water  supply. 

Acres. 

Net  Area 
requiring  a 
water  supply 
in  per  cent  of 

gross  area. 

VALLEY  FLOOR  AREAS. 

Consolidatrd  Irrigation  District 

Fresno  Irriiration  DiPtrict 

151.500 

215,205 

IM.OOO 

178,665 

81,183 

26,697 

603,840 

27,260 

167,685 

71,112 

74,246 
16.040 

4,000 

18,210 

208,360 

3,000 
9,730 

10,000 
9,100 
7,183 
4.823 

88.840 
5,260 

18.400 

11,000 

12,000 
4,940 

800 
4,000 
76,803 

7.425 
11.770 
9.400 
8,900 
3,700 
1,800 
25,750 
1,100 

7.400 

7,112 

3,110 
550 

160 

710 

6,250 

141.075 
193,705 
170,600 
160,665 
70.300 
19,974 
489,250 
20,900 

141,885 

53.000 

59,136 
10,550 

3,040 

13,500 

125,307 

93 
90 
90 

90 

86 

Orland  Project.  U.  S.  R.  S 

Imperial  Irrigation  District 

75 
81 
77 

Glenn-Colupa  Irrigation  District 1 

Jacinto  Irrigation  District.    

Proviflont  Irrigation  District 

Compton-Dclevan  Irrigation  District... 

Maxwell  Irrigation  District 

Williams  Irrigation  District. ..._..._.... 
South  San  Joaquin  Irrigation  District. . . 

INTERMEDIATE  AREAS. 

85 

75 
80 

66 

FOOTHILL  AREAS. 

Fairoaks  Irrigation  District 

Happy  Vallev  Irrigation  District 

76 
74 
60     • 

WATER   RESOURCES    OF    dLIFORNIA.  71 

To  aid  in  estimating  future  total  water  requirements,  Table  No.  3, 
"Portion  of  Agrioultnral  Areas  That  Require  a  "Water  Supply,"  has 
been  prepared.  This  table  lists  the  projects  on  which  information  was 
obtained,  on  tlie  gross  area,  areas  untit  for  irrigation,  and  areas  of 
irrigable  land  devoted  to  other  purposes  than  agriculture  or  urban 
development. 

Of  the  projects  listed  in  the  table,  the  Consolidated  Irrigation  Dis- 
trict and  the  Fresno  Irrigation  District,  illustrate  the  segregations  of 
land  that  prevail  on  the  flat  valley  floors  of  the  state.  Formed  in  the 
early  days,  to  include  lands  requiring  the  least  expenditure  for  develop- 
ment, their  project  bouudaries  enclose  a  gi'eater  proportion  of  tillable 
land  that  is  suited  to  irrigation  than  do  pi'ojects  that  were  organized 
later.  In  the  Consolidated  Irrigation  District,  but  2  per  cent  of  the 
gi'oss  area  is  unfit  for  irrigation  and  4  per  cent  in  the  Fresno  Irriga- 
tion District  is  deduetable  for  the  same  reason.  Deducting  with  these, 
the  area  occupied  by  improvements,  leaves  93  per  cent  ancl  90  per  cent 
for  the  Consolidated  ancl  Fresno  districts,  respectively,  as  the  per  cent 
of  the  gross  area  in  these  projects  reciuiriug  irrigation  waters.  The 
percentages  applying  to  these  projects  represent  the  maximum  irrigable 
area  within  project  boundaries  when  they  are  of  appreciable  size,  and 
include  the  lands  that  are  the  more  readily  developed. 

The  conditions  obtaining  on  the  South  San  Joaquin  Irrigation  Dis- 
trict are  those  on  land  comprised  within  a  district  formed  A^ithin  the 
past  decade.  The  areas  included  are  more  or  less  residual  lands, 
remaining  after  other  projects  had  been  organized.  Here  15  per  cent  of 
the  gross  area  is  unsuited  to  irrigation,  and  but  three-fourths  of  the 
land  within  the  project  bouudaries  require  an  irrigation  water-supply. 
Of  recent  organization,  this  district  is  made  up  of  a  greater  proportion 
of  unirrigable  land,  and  the  percentages  found  approach  closely  to  the 
lower  limit  of  irrigable  lands  within  the  boundaries  of  projects  located 
upon  California's  flat  valley  floors. 

Between  the  valley  floor  and  the  foothills  proper  are  lands,  the 
character  of  which  is  represented  by  conditions  on  the  Waterford 
Irrigation  District.  Of  this  district,  comprising  16,000  acres,  one-third 
is  deduetable  as  land  unsuited  to  irrigation.  Similarly  located,  on  the 
transitional  regions  between  valley  floor  and  foothill  slope,  the  Oakdale 
Irrigation  District,  comprising  74,200  acres,  has  12,000  acres,  or  one- 
sixth  of  its  gross  area  unfit  for  irrigation.  These  two  projects,  anal- 
ogously located,  mark  the  extremes  of  the  per  cent  of  these  areas  that 
require  accessory  waters.  Oakdale,  with  the  greater  proportion  of  good 
land,  can  utilize  irrigation  waters  on  80  per  cent  of  the  area  within  its 
boundaries,  while  "Waterford,  including  more  of  the  residual  lands, 
left  after  other  districts  had  lieen  formed,  requires  water  for  Init  66 
per  cent  of  its  area. 

The  Nevada  Irrigation  District,  in  the  foothills  of  Nevada  County, 
comprises  lands  that  extend  from  300  feet  to  3,900  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  includes  witliin  the  208,000  acres  of  this  project,  the  upper  margin 
of  the  sloping  lands  that  are  susceptible  to  irrigated  agriculture.  In 
this  district,  37  per  cent  of  the  lands  are  unfit  for  iri-igation,  and  but 
60  per  cent  of  the  entire  area  within  the  project  boundaries  will  require 


72  WATER   RESOURCES    OF    C-U^IFORNIA. 

irrigation  waters.  The  segregation  of  lands  in  this  district  illustrates 
the  condition  obtaining  on  a  foothill  project  of  extensive  area  and 
probably  is  representative  of  the  projects  located  in  such  regions. 

Considering  that  the  projects  here  listed  were  organized  to  include 
the  better  agricultural  lands  and  that  the  remaining  areas  of  the  state 
have  a  greater  proportion  of  poor  land,  it  may  be  concluded  that  the 
segregations  found,  are  more  favorable  to  high  percentages  of  irrigal)le 
land  than  in  districts  formed  in  the  future  and  the  net  area  requiring 
irrigation  waters,  of  the  gross  irrigable  area  of  Califoniia,  will  be  less 
than  the  mean  of  the  percentages  found  listed  in  the  tabulation. 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA.  73 


CHAPTER  VII. 


ENDURABLE    DEFICIENCIES    IN    AN    IRRIGATION    SUPPLY. 

Many  communities,  dependent  upon  irrigation  for  their  prosperity, 
have  successfullj'  endured  the  shortcomings  of  a  deficient  water  supply. 
The  plants  grown  in  the  farming  communities  that  have  endured 
these  deprivations,  do  not  progress  to  a  harvest  stage  of  equal  bearing 
as  compared  to  plants  that  have  been  adequately  supplied  with  moisture. 
Shortages  of  water,  while  inimical  to  the  best  needs  of  the  plant  through 
retarding  growth  and  reducing  the  fruits,  are  not  conditions,  the 
consequences  of  which  cause  the  plant  to  immediately  languish  and  die. 

There  is  a  certain  indefiniteness  about  the  necessity,  in  both  time 
and  amount,  in  the  practical  application  of  irrigation  waters,  and, 
through  the  physical  agencies  at  work  and  the  resourcefulness  of  the 
plant,  a  scarcity  of  soil  moisture  does  not  lead  to  corresponding 
diminution  of  the  harvest.  A  full  irrigation  supply  furnishes  much 
more  water  to  the  soil  than  is  needed  for  plant  growth.  The  excess 
water  applied  to  the  soil  disappears  through  evaporation  from  the  moist 
ground  surface,  and  through  percolation  to  depths  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  plant  roots.  The  division  of  the  applied  water  between  that  used 
by  the  plant,  and  that  not  directly  aiding  in  plant  growth,  is  circum- 
stantial, so  that  a  reduction  in  the  amount  of  applied  water  does  not 
necessarily  mean  a  corresponding  reduction  in  the  amount  of  water 
obtained  by  the  growing  plants.  The  manner  of  spn^ading  the  appl'<?d 
water,  the  time  period  through  which  the  application  is  made,  the 
weatlier  conditions,  and  the  dryness'of  the  soil  at  the  time  of  irrigation, 
all  affect  the  relative  division  of  water  applied  between  that  im- 
mediately supporting  plant  growth  and  that  aiding  indirectly  by 
supplying  the  water  necessary  for  dissipation  by  evaporation  and 
percolation. 

The  manner  of  applying  water  and  the  time  period  of  application, 
can  both  be  changed  to  effect  a  smaller  proportion  of  losses  by 
increasing  the  expense  of  applying  the  water.  Even  the  dryness  of 
the  soil  can  be  mitigated  by  increased  expense  for  cultivation  of 
the  soil  surface.  Thus  by  the  expenditure  of  more  money  than  usual, 
the  actual  water  reaching  the  growing  plants  may  not  have  to  be  particu- 
larly reduced,  although  there  is  an  acute  shortage  in  the  total  water 
customarily  applied.  The  avoidable  losses  can  be  much  reduced 
through  more  extended  preparation  of  the  land  previous  to  irrigating, 
and  by  the  expenditures  of  adequate  sums  in  the  con.struction  of  pipe 
conduits,  lined  ditches  and  channels  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  the 
land,  and  for  the  distribution  and  application  of  the  irrigation  water  to 
the  crops. 

"With  such  conservation  aided  by  the  elastic  ability  of  growing  plants 
to  sustain  life  and  to  function  imder  less  than  the  most  favorable  con- 
ditions, the  seriousness  of  partial  shortages  in  irrigation  supplies  is 
removed.     Periods  of  drought  that  occur  only  once  in  several  years, 


74  WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

while  effective  in  reducing  the  yield,  are  transitory  in  effect  and  do  not 
have  the  destructive  results  in  the  irrigated  areas,  which  a  continued 
shortage  of  water  would  have. 

Plate  II.  "Average  Deficiency  in  Irrigation  Supply  Endured  by 
Successful  Enterprises,"  i)resents  in  graphical  forin  the  distril)utions  of 
water  that  have  actually  lieen  made,  and  the  desiralilc  proportioning  of 
a  full  water  supply  between  the  months  of  the  year,  and  by  the 
difference  obtained  through  comparison,  the  deficiencies  endured  on 
several  pro.jects  appear.  The  diagram  is  divided  into  months,  January 
to  December,  each  month  having  an  ecfual  space.  In  these  spaces  black 
bars  have  been  drawn  upwardly  from  the  base  line  to  give  a  picture  of 
the  per  cent  of  the  total  yearly  supply  that  was  spread  upon  the  land 
in  any  one  month.  The  longer  lengths  of  these  bars  as  they  extend 
upwardly  from  their  common  base  line,  represent  greater  per  cent  of 
distribution  for  the  monthly  interval  in  which  they  are  drawn.  The 
numerical  per  cent,  corresponding  to  any  bar,  is  found  by  following  ^he 
intercepted  lines  that  are  drawn  across,  above  and  parallel  tn  t'le  ba.se 
line,  to  the  left  border,  where  the  per  cent  is  given  in  figures.  In  a 
like  manner,  the  red  bars  joining  the  black,  sometimes  exceeding  these 
in  length,  sometimes  falling  short,  represent  the  desirable  distriliution. 

The  full  supply  to  which  the  water  used  by  these  projects  has  been 
compared,  is  that  deduced  in  the  foregoing  chapters  on  the  duty  of 
water  and  the  distribution  of  its  use  througliout  the  year.  All  the 
data  that  it  was  possible  to  collect,  were  here  assembled  and  analyzed  to 
determine  the  irrigation  requirements  of  all  parts  of  the  state.  The 
average  values  deduced  for  a  full  supply  represent  desirable  practice 
of  the  present  day. 

The  upper  section  of  Plate  II,  shows  the  average  deficiency  sustained 
by  the  Turlock  Irrigation  District.*  one  of  the  oldest  projects  in  the 
state,  and  one  which  has  never  enjoyed  a  full  season's  supply,  although 
it  is  a  growing  and  prosperous  community.  Similai'ly,  the  middle 
section  of  Plate  II.  sets  forth  the  average  deficiency  in  supply  through 
the  latter  part  of  the  season,  sustained  by  eleven  sy.stems  in  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley  which  have  a  total  irrigated  area  of  a  third  of  a  million 
acres.  It  is  seen  that  the  heavy  deficiency  has  been  succes.sfully 
endured  through  the  latter  part-  of  the  growing  season  by  these  projects, 
and  they  are  generally  known  to  be  growing  and  prosperous. 

The  average  figures  for  three  projects  in  the  San  Diego  section, 
presented  on  the  lower  part  of  this  plate,  show  that  shortages  have  been 
successfully  endured  there  through  the  entire  season.  Differing  from 
other  projects  that  have  had  a  copious  supply  available  during  the 
early  summer  season,  these  districts  have  prospered  with  a  less  than 
desirable  supply  during  the  entire  year.  Nevertheless,  these  projects 
are  located  in  and  are  a  part  of  a  region  that  has  had  a  continuous 
and  greatly  accelerated  growth. 

The  distribution  through  the  months,  of  the  seasonal  supply,  as 
practiced  in  the  various  sections  of  the  state,  is  shown  on  Plate  VII, 
"Monthly  Use  of  Annual  Irrigation  Supply."  Here,  as  on  Plate  II, 
the  black  bars  represent  average  monthly  supplies  used,  and  the  desir- 
able quantity  for  use  during  the  particular  month  is  depicted  in  red. 


Plat.'    II. 


TURLOCK  IRRIGATION  DISTRICT           irrigated  1921 

1911-1922                                                                  10S461   AC. 

1 

1 

1  1 

1 

* 

1 

t 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

■ 

Ju 

X 

± 

Ji 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar.     Apr.     May     Jun.     Jul.     Aug.     Sep.     Oct     Nov.    Dec. 


c 

c 
0 

Q. 
%     1 

11  SYSTEMS  IN                              SYSTEM 
SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY                 __,_ 

IRRIGATED  1921 

ACRES 

109.4«1 

1 9 1 1"1 922                               "■■'        °" 

SOUTH  SAN  JOAQUIN  IRRIC    OIST.     -     . 

BEAROSUEYCANA 
EASTSIDE  CANAL 
FARMERS  CANAL 
KERN  ISLAND  CAN 

7.M1 

"Si 

*'■ 

c 

STINE 
TO 

A  CANAL  AND  IRRIG.  CO.   -     .     . 

10.663 

1 

0 

TAL 

»t.»3 

1 

1 

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Q. 

a 

3 
10 

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0 

5 

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^ 

Jan.     Feb.     Mar.    Apr.     May    Jun.      Jul.     Aug.    Sep.     Oct     Nov.    Dec. 


3  SYSTEMS  IN 
SAN  DIEGO  SECTION 

SYSTEM 

IRRIGATED  1920 
ACRES 

1911-1921                              fi'JjHj^rT**™"^"  :  :  :  :  : 

— : — 

■ 

i 

[| 

It 

■ 

■ 

, 

B 

± 

[L 

X 

_ 

Jan.     Feb.    Mar.     Apr.     May     Jun.      Jul.      Aug.    Sep.    Oct     Nov.     Dec. 


AVERAGE  DEFICIENCY  IN  IRRIGATION  SUPPLY 
ENDURED  BY  SUCCESSFUL  ENTERPRISES 


AVERAGE  MONTHLY  SUPPLY  USED 
DESIRABLE  MONTHLY  SUPPLY 

State  Department  of  PuBLrc  Works 

DIVISION  OF   ENGINEERING  AND  IRRIGATION 

California  Water  Resources  Investigation 

CHAPTER  iW-lSI'   STATUTES 


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WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA.  75 

As  this  plate  shows,  the  supply  has  been  deficient  in  nearly  every  section 
of  the  state  during  the  latter  part  of  the  summer.  In  many  of  the  sec- 
tions experiencing  these  detieieneies,  a  large  amount  of  water  was 
applied  to  the  land  during  the  fore  part  of  the  summer  when  there  was 
ample  flow  in  the  streams,  apparently  in  an  endeavor  to  store  soil 
moisture  for  the  anticipated  shortage  of  the  latter  portion  of  the  season. 
Not  only  have  there  been  shortages  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
season  in  many  of  the  large  projects,  but,  during  the  years  of 
extreme  drought  and  consequently  reduced  stream  flow,  many 
of  the  districts  have  been  extremely  short  in  total  seasonal  supply. 
During  the  shortage  of  1920  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  when  there 
were  215,000  acres  under  irrigation  from  the  main  channel  of 
the  Sacramento  River,  much  of  this  in  rice,  the  amount  of  water  was 
decreased  twenty-four  per  cent  compared  to  previous  seasons,  during  the 
critical  portion  of  the  summer,  without  any  damage  to  the  crops.'  In 
other  sections  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  where  the  1920  shoi'tage  was 
more  acute,  the  use  was  decreased  more  than  fifty  per  cent,  without 
damage  to  fruits  and  cultivated  crops  and  with  little  permanent 
damage  to  alfalfa.  Such  facts  are  conclusive  that  the  supplies,  deducted 
for  the  various  sections  of  the  state  in  Chapter  V,  provide  a  more  favor- 
able supply,  more  advantageously  distributed  through  the  season,  than 
these  districts  at  present  enjoy.  Such  full  supplies  would  furnish 
irrigation  water  in  more  ample  quantities  than  many  of  the  most 
prosperous  irrigated  sections  of  the  state  have  ever  had,  and  such 
supplies  for  every  season,  including  years  of  greater  drought,  would 
afit'ord  more  advantageous  conditions  than  those  under  which  all  but 
the  most  favored  of  communities  in  the  state  have  lived  and  prospered. 

'Report  of  water  master  of  Emergency  Water  Conservation  Conference  on  file  in 
the  office  of  Division  of  Engineering  and  Irrigation. 


76 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  4.    PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN  CONSTRUCTING 
ISOHYETOSE  MAP 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 

Number. 
1 

FortBidwell 

Feet. 

4,640 

4,675 

4,460 

5,270 

4,533 

3,600 

3,381 

4,258 

2,154 

2,450 

2,625 

2,955 

3,555 

3,555 

3,270 

2,285 

2,798 

2,570 

2.570 

1.132 

3.300 

520 

397 

3,420 

50 

3,000 

64 

50* 

75 

400 

244 

200 

250 

1,700 

2,960 

2,925 

2.300 

1200 

600 

1.440 

2.162 

2,860 

220 

215 

307 

865 

432 

550 

1,049 

565 

552 

730 

1,138 

2.500 

3,300 

5,500 

4,300 

4.020 

4,570 

4,304 

4,550 

3,600 

4,195 

4,000 

4,400 

Years. 

36 

27 

15 

13 

2 

2 

12 

8 

28 

30 

40 

22 

32 

2 

10 

32 

18 

33 

34 

6 

5 

18 

25 

5 

30 

2 

34 

7 

19 

1 

33 

9 

4 

11 

5 

9 

6 

1 

12 

7 

31 

2 

44 

2 

44 

10 

4 

6 

17 

4 

46 

14 

39 

11 

8 

12 

4 

7 

6 

2 

11 

20 

28 

3 

4 

1867-1921t 

1894-1921 

1904-1919 

1908-1921 

1907-1909 

1908-1910 

1857-1809 

1907-1915 

1888-1916 

1888-192lt 

1872-1921t 

1888-1915t 

1889-1921 

1881-1883 

1911-1921 

1889-1921 

1871-1889 

1859-1892 

1853-1892t 

1915-1921 

1910-1915 

1903-1921 

1861-I891t 

1905-1910 

1885-1921 t 

1884-1886 

1887-1921 

1859-1866 

1901-1920 

1883-1884 

lS87-1921t 

1912-1921 

1907-1911 

1905-1916 

1901-1906 

1912-1921 

1915-1921 

1914-1915 

1909-1921 

1914-1921 

1871-1921t 

1908-1910 

1872-1916 

1910-1912 

1877-1921 

1894-1904 

Broken 
1915-1921 
1895-1912 
1889-1893 
1875-1921 
1907-1921 
1882-1921 
1908-1919 
1910-1918 
1909-1921 
1917-1921 
1903-1910 
1915-1921 
1911-1913 
1910-1921 
1894-1914 
1889-I918t 
1917-1920 
1909-1913 

Inches. 

18.31 
13,13 

12  34 
14.60 
13,54 
18,60 
22,83 

13  96 

14  74 
12  26 
17-57 
20.34 
36,56 

28  76 
46  72 

53  82 

24  58 

25  24 
25,32 
41,64 
53.24 
50  00 
50,45 

109  08 
75,95 
78  92 
42,52 
33.57 
42  86 
34.06 
85  04 
51.86 

54  63 
67,37 
78,63 
49  15 

29  21 
51.53 
45,92 
35  06 
37.81 
57.90 
20,53 
16.74 
25,19 
26  94 
33.61 
26  22 

53  80 
70  88 
38  52 
63  35 
63  93 

54  08 
26  41 
77.62 
40,54 
53,74 
35  05 
23  98 
29  06 
43,66 
20  70 

8  98 
10,97 

Inches. 
17  20 

2 

3 

4 

S 

Clear  Lake  (Modoc  County)   

15  38 

6 

Pittvillc 

20  68 

7 

Fort  Crook 

90  74 

8 

13  10 

9 

Hornbrook 

13  60 

10 

11  60 

11 

Yreka 

18  10 

12 

19  14 

13 

Sisson 

35  20 

14 

38  34 

15 

McCloud 

SO  00 

16 

51  80 

17 

Scott  Valley 

27  81 

18 

23  70 

19 

WaUa  Walla  Creek  . . 

30  60 

20 

Happy  Camp 

45  77 

21 

Giita .     ::. 

47  90 

22 

46  80 

23 

50  27 

24 

Monumental 

108  70 

25 

75.70 

26 

Christmas  Prairie 

77  35 

27 

43.37 

28 

Fort  Humboldt 

32  33 

'   29 

43,85 

30 

Hvdesville 

45.40 

31 

86  11 

32 

Shively 

54.04 

33 

58.15 

34 

Blocksburg 

63.10 

35 

Zeoia 

64  60 

36 

Ruth 

51,20 

37 

Hayfork 

.32.11 

38 

Hyampom ... 

44,79 

39 

China  Flat 

46.50 

40 

Big  Bar 

37.12 

41 

39.20 

42 

50.58 

43 

Tehama 

20.30 

44 

LosMohnOB.'  ...              

19,57 

45 

Red  Bluff , 

24  70 

46 

Rosewood ... 

25.26 

47 

37.79 

48 

31  41 

49 

Shasta 

51  20 

50 

61.90 

51 

37.70 

52 

66  30 

53 

Delta 

64  00 

54 

Montgomery  Creek               

54  60 

55 

27.28 

56 

Round  Valley 

88  08 

57 

54.55 

58 

Butt  Vallev 

45,41 

S9 

43.92 

60 

Nevia 

35,26 

61 

Chester 

33  25 

62 

Greenville 

39.70 

63 

Susanville ... 

21  90 

64 

Standish 

14.49 

65 

13.06 

♦Estimated, 
t  Records  broken. 


WATER   RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


77 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map.  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
66 

Beckwith 

Feet. 

5.005 

4,900 

5,000 

5,900 

5,531 

5,819 

7,017 

6,230 

6,225 

2,421 

2,825 

2,825 

3,222 

3,704 

3,704 

4.695 

4.563 

3.700 

3,200 

3,200 

5.230 

5,939 

6.500 

4.600 

3,150 

5,500 

5,000 

3,400 

4.750 

4,750 

4,975 

3,216 

3.525 

2.500 

2.321 

2,140 

560 

1.200 

1,227 

490 

250 

213 

629 

3.250 

3.500 

1,500 

1,650 

2,1.30 

700 

1,3011* 

2.580 

2,090 

600 

84 

67 

100 

97 

98 

160 

160 

189 

277 

254 

143 

Years. 

1 

6 
12 

6 
44 
50 
50 
11 

5 
51 
31 
23 
20 
30 
13 
22 

5 
14 
43 

2 
41 
46 
27 
27 
13 
39 
25 
26 
13 
19 
14 
14 
14 
17 
13 
15 

0 

6 
13 

G 
36 
23 

I 

4 
14 
14 
17 

6 
12 
14 
57 
46 

9 
29 
50 

4 
10 
17 

1 
24 
50 
34 
38 

1 

1908-1909 

1915-1921 

1909-1921 

1909-1915 

1870-19161 

1870-1921 

1871-1921 

1910-1921 

1910-1915 

1S70-192I 

1879-1910 

1879-1902 

1899-1919 

1885-1920t 

1871-1884 

1899-1921 

1916-1921 

1907-1921 

I870-1921t 

188B-1896t 

1870-1921 t 

1870-1916 

1894-1921 

1894-1921 

1908-1921 

187I-1915t 

lS94-1921t 

1895-1921 

1892-1905 

1876-1902i 

1907-1921 

1907-1921 

1903-1917t 

1904-1921 

1904-1917 

1903-1920t 

1915-1921 

1873-1879 

1871-1884 

1915-1921 

1885-1921 

1891-1914 

1920-1921 

1905-1909 

1907-1921 

1907-1921 

1904-1921 

1896-1902 

1907-1921t 

1907-1921 

1864-1921 

1873-1921t 

1871-1880 

1887-1916 

1871-1921 

1880-1914 

1907-1917 

1899-1916 

1920-1921 

1895-1919 

1871-1921 

lS80-1916t 

188.3-1921 

1920-1921 

Inches. 

28.05 
13.06 
23.12 
25.65 
21.05 
26,13 
46.38 
31.11 
37.06 
47.81 
52.63 
51.08 
51.09 
57.36 
44.86 
66.17 
49.31 
68.07 
53.98 
59-94 
52.91 
50  57 
68.43 
70.25 
63.55 
74.38 
76.62 
42.14 
73.28 
71.64 
80.08 
72.35 
75.85 
67.37 
85.24 
67.66 
40  78 
60.32 
42.37 
38.22 
28.03 
23.98 
39  96 
93  95 
68.17 
54  23 
43.76 
48-86 
42  77 
54.27 
53-89 
53.00 
33.12 
22  21 
19-71 
14  17 
22  31 
22-20 
24  61 
24-96 
23-78 
20  59 
18  02 
24-59 

Inches. 
20  62 

67 

Portola    

17  12 

68 

26  20 

69 

Hobart  Mills 

24  70 

70 

21.10 

71 

Truckee  

26  30 

72 

46.38 

73 

Tahoe        

32  41 

74 

35.80 

Colfax 

48  20 

76 

Iowa  Hill 

50.10 

77 

Strawberry  Fiat       .... 

50  55 

78 

Gold  Run 

49  30 

79 

Towle      ....              .... 

56  40 

80 

Alta 

45.63 

81 

64.60 

82 

Dnim  Frirph^ty 

57.75 

83 

Deer  Creek 

73.90 

84 

North  Bloomfield        ... 

54.60 

85 

60.53 

86 

54  50 

87 

Cisco 

50.90 

88 

67.80 

89 

Lake  Spauiding 

69.60 

90 

67.80 

91 

Rnwman^  Ti%Tr\ 

73  00 

92 

La  For  te 

77.50 

9.3 

Quincy 

42.00 

94 

66.50 

95 

MumfordHill         

68-37 

96 

88-50 

97 

80-00 

98 

Stirling  City 

70,50 

99 

DeSabla                      

69.20 

100 

81  50 

101 

65.10 

102 

51.15 

lO.'i 

65.18 

104 

Cherokee      

43.22 

105 

47.91 

106 

OroviUe 

27.70 

107 

22,00 

108 

.'^erritetre      .           

38  04 

109 

Wuodleaf 

76.35 

110 

74.00 

111 

58.80 

112 

44.70 

113 

51.86 

114 

Colgate 

45.00 

115 

Chute  Carap    

58.76 

116 

52,21 

117 

Grass  Valley            

52.80 

118 

32.41 

119 

21.30 

120 

19,71 

121 

17.89 

122 

21.90 

123 

Biges   

20.00 

124 

18  50 

125 

24,00 

126 

Chico                          

23,78 

127 

19  90 

128 

Orland 

17.50 

129 

18.48 

•Estimated 

t  Records  broken. 


78 


TABLE 


Station 
on  map- 


Number. 

130 

131 

132 

133 

134 

135 

136 

137  ■ 

133 

139 

140 

141 

142 

143 

144 

145 

146 

147 

148 

149 

150 

151 

152 

153 

154 

155 

156 

157 

158 

159 

160 

161 

162 

163 

164 

165 

166 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

172 

173 

174 

175 

176 

177 

178 

179 

180 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

188 

189 

190 

191 


WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 

4- (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map.  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Precipitation  station. 


Jacinto 

Willows 

Princeton 

Colusa 

Williams 

Fruto 

Little  Stony 

East  Park 

Fouts  Springs  

Kono  Tayee  (Lakeport)   

Lakeport ■  ■ 

Upper  Lake  (Lake  County) 

HuUville 

Covelo  Ranger  Station 

Camp  Wright 

Hearst 

Willits 

Ukiah 

Mendocino 

Fort  Bragg 

West  port 

Branscombe 

Laytonville 

Point  Arena 

Clovcrdale 

Fort  Rcss 

Point  Reyes 

Farallones  Light  House 

South  East  Farallon 

Peachland 

Hoaldsburg  

Highland  Springs 

Twin  \'alley 

Sulphur  Banks 

Middlctown 

Helen  Mine 

St.  Helena  Mt 

Calistoga 

Santa  Rosa 

Petaluma 

South  Vallejo 

Benicia 

Martinez 

Fairfield  (Suisun) 

Okell 

Imola 

Napa  City 

Sonoma 

Oakville 

St.  Helena 

Knoxville 

Rumsey 

Guinda 

Dunnigan 

Nicolaus 

Knights  Landing 

Woodland 

Davis 

Winters .•  -  ■ 

Vacaville 

Rio  Vista 

Benson's  Ferry 


Elevation      ^    ^^ 

^b"^",      of  record, 
sea  level. 


Feet. 

110 

136 
80 
60 
89 

624 


1,200 
1,650 
1,325 
1,.325 
1,350 
2,250 
1,550 


Period 
of  record. 


1,800 

1,364 
620 
50* 
74 
50* 

2.000 

1,600 

50* 

340 

100 

490 

50* 

10 

190 

52 


2,200 

1,350 

1,300 

2,750 

2,300 

363 

181 

10 

12 

55 

27 

15 

275 

60 

20 

30 

153 

255 


2,629 
350 
65 
33 
45 
63 
51 
132 
175 
35 
40* 


42 
11 
40 
8 
22 
1 
10 
9 
20 
21 
28 
14 
16 
11 
5 
29 
44 
13 
21 
1 
21 
7 
9 
21 
45 
38 
1 
19 
25 
44 
3 


11 

21 

10 

48 

33 

29 

12 

30 
7 

13 

36 

41 

41 

17 

7 

13 

I 

5 

20 

39 

1 

25 

48 

49 

1 

37 

24 


Mean  of 


precipita- 
tion 
record. 


Inches. 


1892-1900 

1879-1921 

1873-1884 

1871-1921t 

1876-1884 

1889-1911 

1885-1886 

1911-1921 

1874-19041 

1870-1921t 

1886-1914 

1907-1921 

1881-1918t 

J864-1875 

1910-1915 

1878-1907 

1877-1921 

1871-1884 

1861-I921t 

1885-1886 

1900-1921 

1904-1911 

1875-1884 

1893-1921t 

1875-1921t 

Broken 
1885-1886 
1894-1913 
189G-1921 
1877-1921 
18S3-1886 
1915-1921 
1911-1919 
1879-1896t 
1900-1921t 
1901-1911 
1873-1921 
1888-1921 
1874-1921t 
1872-1884 

Broken 
1877-1884 
1871-1884 
1884-1920 
1877-192lt 
1877-I921t 
1886-19071 
1907-1914 
1908-1921 
1883-1884 
1888-1893 
1896-1916 
1877-1916 
1920-1921 
1878-1903 
1873-1921 
1872-1921 
1885-1886 
1880-1917 
1893-1921t 
1918-1921 


Fifty  year 
mean 


precipita- 
tion. 


Inches. 


19.57 

18.69 

16.65 

16.60 

14.94 

16  40 

16.12 

16  40 

12.17 

14  15 

21.67 

19  60 

26.82 

21-44 

16.98 

17  .30 

36  16 

35.72 

23.16 

24  40 

22.77 

23-60 

28-25 

26  80 

51-23 

52  30 

35-69 

40-40 

44-01 

40  82 

51.93 

52.35 

55,91 

54  90 

36.82 

36  40 

50-69 

51  20 

38.66 

41-67 

52.07 

35,20 

85  25 

82  40 

62  46 

57  50 

30-49 

30-32 

41.73 

39  60 

53  87. 

53  20 

20  98 

20-60 

26  15 

20  24 

18  03 

19-18 

41.11 

41  40 

41-84 

41  40 

33-43 

36  06 

42  28 

47.32 

22-99 

23-43 

48  04 

49-31 

87-67 

83  00 

63  87 

57  40 

36  50 

36-50 

30  38 

29-40 

23  93 

24-20 

14-55 

15-33 

14-87 

14  41 

17  91 

18  06 

19  70 

20-28 

30-36 

30  12 

23-66 

23-40 

23-66 

23  40 

28,46 

26-60 

33.29 

34-19 

35.42 

37  00 

34  53 

32-29 

31.90 

27-36 

21-92 

21  00 

20  27 

19-70 

19-53 

17-75 

18  36 

18-30 

17-49 

17.50 

17  04 

17.10 

-25  40 

19.85 

27  04 

26-37 

17  87 

17-30 

14-19 

15-47 

•Estimated. 
fRecords  broken. 


WATER    RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


79 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
192 

Lodi 

Feet. 

35 

150 

49 

42 

71 

252 

305 

249 

970 

1,360 

565 

2.650 

4,000 

4,300 

1,875 

1,609 

1,415 

1,510 

790 

287 

1,900 

1,500 

2,450 

725 

1,550 

445 

673 

300 

381 

1,5.35 

775 

2,500 

3,750 

4,100 

2,300 

■     2,800 
2,326 
3,850 
5,800 
5,680 
6,400 
6,230 
5,525 
8,030 
5,300* 
6,500 
8.248 
7.765 
4.113 
4.450 
8.600 
9,100 
9,700 
4.070 
4.460 
5.040 
5,550 
6,190 
9,060 
7,000 
4.900 
4.250 
2,000 

Years. 

24 

10 

42 

7 

72 

50 

28 

48 

14 

50 

8 

46 

20 

2 

43 

13 

35 

10 

12 

43 

10 

29 

14 

17 

36 

44 

26 

14 

33 

7 

14 

7 

3 

I 

1 

4 

1 

24 

1888-1912 

1911-1921 

1878-1921t 

1877-1884 

1849-1921 

1871-1921 

1893-1921 

1871-1921t 

1892-1910t 

1871-1921 

1894-1902 

187.3-I921t 

1894-1914 

Inches. 

19.46 

17  64 

18  26 
16  95 
18  72 
24.37 
25.95 
22  01 

34  27 
33  72 

35  09 
57.92 
69.21 

Inches. 
17  90 

193 
194 

Bellota 

Gait 

20  07 
13  10 

195 

14  79 

196 

18  60 

197 

24  40 

198 

25.44 

199 

Rocklin 

22  40 

200 

29.70 

201 

Auburn 

33  70 

202 

34,22 

203 

Georgetown                

57  30 

204 

Pilot  Creek 

65  90 

205 

Mundy's 

63  10 

206 
207 

Placerville 

1874-192It 

1889-1902 

1888-I912t 

1892-1902 

1893-190Ct 

1878-1921 

1893-1903 

1892-1921 

1907-1921 

1904-1921 

1882-1918 

1871-1915 

lS88-1915t 

1907-1921 

1888-1921 

1908-1915 

1907-1921 

1909-1916 

1907-1910 

1909-1910 

1915-1916 

1916-1920 

1915-1916 

1894-)921t 

42  65 
36.81 
33,72 

36  22 
29.90 

20  39 
35  16 
32.14 
44.42 
32  44 
31.93 
42  87 
24  37 
18,13 

21  56 
35  80 

28  25 

29  91 

37  31 
43.72 

47  80 
40  23 
44.85 
41,85 
55  80 

48  86 
54,38 
37,45 
26,31 
15  02 

49  02 
9,64 

10,82 
14  58 
17,92 
4,35 
5.43 
14  09 
14  48 
18  78 

7  27 

8  28 

9  37 
12,07 
17  17 
41.40 
30,28 
29,48 
20,77 
22,71 

42  50 
.34  60 

208 

Shingle  Springs.          

34.10 

209 

Oleta 

32  63 

210 

Drytown 

26  70 

211 

20.20 

212 

Jackson                          

32  38 

213 

30  90 

214 

Mill  Creek  No.  1 

48  00 

215 

Elcctra 

32.70 

216 

31  00 

217 
218 

San  .\ndreas 

42  10 
22,50 

219 

19,65 

220 

Milton 

20,70 

221 

Angels  Camp                       

35,76 

222 

30  59 

223 
224 
225 
226 
227 
228 

Penstock  Camp 

American  Camp                             

Calaveras  River                          

Mitchell  HiU                                 

30  09 
39  82 
44  61 
50  84 
49  70 
47  70 

229 

40  20 

230 

Grizzly  Flat 

44  90 

231 

7 
11 
6 
4 
1 
18 
1 
5 
11 

lii 
31 

12 
12 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
6 
6 
4 
3 

1907-1914 

1907-1918 

1909-1915 

1904-1914 

1920-1921 

I900-1921t 

1920-1921 

I9I2-1917 

1895-1906 

1919-1921 

I8S3-1896 

1883-19181 

I911-1921t 

1909-1921 

1909-1921 

1908-1909 

1908-1910 

1908-1910 

1908-1910 

1908-1910 

1919-1921 

1915-1921 

1915-1921 

1915-1919 

1917-1921t 

52  42 

232 

Bear  River  Reservoir            .    .  - 

58  79 

233 

36  10 

234 

Tallac        .   .                  

25.43 

235 

13,53 

236 

49,60 

237 

8.69 

238 

10  51 

239 

Bodie     

17  30 

240 

24.06 

241 

Laws 

5.11 

242 

5  50 

243 

Bishop  Creek                 

15.30 

244 

11  56 

245 

14.99 

246 

5  01 

247 

6  18 

248 

Owens  \'aliey  No.  4    

6,99 

249 

9  01 

250 

Owens  Valley  No.  6    

12  82 

251 

Gem  Lake                             

55,60 

252 

34  40 

253 

31  09 

254 

21  68 

255 

24.60 

•Estimated. 
fRecords  broken. 


80 


WATER    RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  4- (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stalions  Usled  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
256 

Fort  Miller 

Feet. 

400 

1.300 

2.441 

3,000 

2,825 

3,500 

000 

5,000 

1,932 

7,297 

3,945 

3,665 

4.700 

4,452 

2,714 

1.400 

650 

1,825 

1,471 

1.660 

293 

351 

173 

255 

Years. 

4 

5 
16 
12 

2 
18 

4 
14 
13 

1 
15 
11 
11 
13 
18 

8 
10 
26 
10 

4 
36 
11 
49 
21 

5 
39 

4 

1 
18 

1 

5 
34 
38 
54 

6 
14 
26 
44 
32 
47 

7 

9 
25 

2 

30 
24 
38 
47 
40 
8 
8 
8 
3 
2 

8 
5 
7 
6 
6 
0 
41 
6 
7 

Broken 
1916-1921 
1903-1919 
1904-1921t 
1919-1921 
1903-1921 
1878-1882 
1896-1910 
1908-1921 
1920-1921 
1904-19211 
1910-1921 
1910-1921 
1896-1909 
1883-1901 
1904-1914t 
1907-1917 
1888-19211 
1903-1913 
1898-1902 
18B8-1915t 
1907-19211 
1872-1921 
1899-1921 t 
1879-1884 
1873-19I3t 
1880-1884 
1920-1921 
1899-1 92 It 
1920-1921 
1881-1886 
1881-1921t 
1877-1915 
1867-1921 
1915-1921 
1870-1884 
lS88-1915t 
1871-1915 
1889-1921 
1874-1921 
1877-1884 
1899-1910t 
1891-1916 
1918-1920 
1885-1921 
1897-1921 
1881-19211 
1874-1921 
1S81-1921 
1913-1921 
191.3-1921 
1913-1921 
1918-1921 
1910-1921 
191.3-1921 
19i:i-1921t 
1914-1921 
1912-1918 
I9I2-1918 
1912-1918 

Broken 
1912-1918 
1899-1906 

Inches. 

24.51 
23.14 
20  82 
35.62 
34.84 
52.23 
19.79 
55  00 
29.79 
29.83 
32  08 
33,38 
39.57 
54.97 
38.53 
43.96 
33.90 
33.96 
32.67 
19.81 
16.46 
15  87 
11,02 
12  67 
9.28 
7.95 
11.70 
12.47 
10. ,39 
18.82 
15.03 
14.27 
16.49 
14  08 
10  78 
12  26 
10  70 
10.66 
10.83 
19.90 
21.96 
22  95 
49.10 
50.66 
33.09 
15.39 
16.19 
15.11 
30  60 
20  99 
18.79 
11.96 
13.36 
12.82 
22  87 
19  25 
17  45 
26.09 
27.17 
22.55 
25.19 
26.63 
16.21 

Inches. 
20  50 

257 

Auberry  

25  95 

258 
259 

S.  J.  L.  and  P.  Co.  Res.  No.  1 

North  Fork    

25.52 
35  90 

260 
261 
262 

S.  J.  L.  and  P.  Co.  P.  H.  No.  3 

San  Joaquin  L.  and  P.  Co.  (Crane  Valley) . . 

37.48 
40.70 
21  62 

263 

51  30 

264 

31.31 

265 

27  11 

266 

35.10 

267 

Hctch  Hetchy 

36.29 

268 

43  00 

269 

Crockers      .             

50  90 

270 

Second  Garrotte 

36.35 

271 

Groveland               

38  00 

272 

Jacksonville 

36,05 

273 

Sonora . .                  .... 

32  50 

274 

Jamestown 

31.48 

275 

18.96 

276 

La  Grange 

16.80 

277 

Merced  Falls 

16.20 

278 

Merced 

11.10 

279 

12.00 

280 

Central  Point 

9,67 

281 

121 

65 

131 

126 

105 

132 

156 

111 

23 

22 

54 

90 

90 

91 

193 

323 

348 

910 

1,600 

600 

217 

90 

95 

4,209 

8.20 

282 

Hills  Ferry 

11.41 

283 

10.39 

284 

Denair 

9.80 

285 

Turlock 

15  65 

286 

Longworth 

14.91 

287 

Oakdale 

14.00 

288 

Farmington 

15.90 

289 

14.18 

290 

Lathrop  

12.43 

291 

12,93 

292 

Westley 

10.00 

293 

10,70 

294 

10,20 

295 

Gilroy 

19.80 

296 

Tennant 

20.51 

297 

22.04 

298 

Laurel 

48.20 

299 

Wrights 

57.60 

300 

Los  Gatoa 

32.80 

301 

Campbell  . .            

16,10 

302 

15.90 

303 

15.10 

304 

30  00 

305 

S.  V.  W.  Co  No  1 10  fUpperArrovo  Valley) 

21.69 

306 

S.  V.  W.  Cn.  No.  109  (Upper  Arroyo  Valley) . 

19,41 

307 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co  No.  108    

12.36 

308 
309 
310 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  105 A 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  lOOA 

1,800  " 

15  01 
15.64 
33.61 

311 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  112 

21.40 

312 

S.  V.  W.  Co.  No.  HI  (Patterson  Ranch). . . 

18  91    ■ 

313 

2,500 
2,650 
2,950 

600 
3,789 

244 

28.10 

314 

.30.42 

315 

Blanch  Gage 

24.30 

316 

24.71 

317 

28,70 

318 

15.60 

tRecords  broken. 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


81 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PIIECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Staiioru  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  niap,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  o. 


Station 
OD  map. 


Precipitation  station. 


Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 


Length 
of  record. 


Period 
of  record. 


Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 


Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 


Number. 

319 

320 

321 

322 

323 

324 

325 

326 

327 

328 

329 

330 

331 

332 

333 

334 

335 

336 

337 

338 

339 

340 

341 

342 

343 

344 

345 

346 

347 

348 

349 

350 

351 

352 

353 

354 

355 

356 

357 

358 

368A 

359 

359.^ 

360 

361 

362 

363 

364 

365 

366 

367 

368 

369 

370 

371 

372 

373 

374 

375 

376 

377 

378 

379 

380 


Niles 

Sunol 

Pleasantfln. .  . .' 

Dublin  

Weideman  Ranch 

Bishop  Ranch 

Spring  Valley  WatCT  Co.  No.  101 . . 
Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  102  . 
Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  103. . 

Alameda  riugar  Co 

Hagerman  Ranch 

Duvall  Vineyard - ...  - 

El  Mocho  Mneyard 

Livermore 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  104  . 

Midway 

Ellis 

Tracy 

Byron 

Brentwood 

Antioch 

Mount  Diablo 

Walnut  Creek 

Crockett 

San  Pablo  Lake 

East  Brother  Ishind 

San  Rafael 

KentficlJ 

Mount  Tamlapais 

SausaUto 

Point  Bonita 

Angel  Island 

.Mcatraz  Island 

Verba  Buena  Island 

Berkeley 

Lake  Temescal  

Lake  Chabot  ...  -  - 

San  Leandro 

.\lameda 

Mills  College 

San  Francisco 

Oakland 

Fort  Mason 

Presidio 

Fort  Point 

Point  Lobos 

Lake  Honda 

Lake  Merced 

Point  Montara 

San  Andreas  Reservoir 

San  Mateo 

Lower  Crystal  Springs .  - 

Crystal  Springs  Cottage 

Upper  Crystal  Springs 

Pila-citas 

Woodside 

Menlo  Park 

Portola  Woods 

Mountain  View 

Pigeon  Point 

.Ano  Nueve  Island 

Boulder  Creek 

BenLomond 

Glenwood 


Feet. 


250 
361 
367 
1.500 
425 


700 


346 
350 
4,000 
550 
485 


354 
74 
64 
33 
77 
46 
3,848 
75 
100 
200* 
245 
2,300 
65 
2,375 
5 
283 
762 
130 
343 
320 
425 
235 
48 
19 
200 
207 
36 
100 
150 
186 
250 
400 
19 
25 
445 
22 
300 
300 
300 
695 
428 
64 
370 
95 
0 
0 
470 
300 
885 


Years. 

42 
17 

7 


40 

5 

5 
42 

2 
20 

3 

5 

9 
10 
33 
22 
10 

9 
17 
2'^ 

'i 

34 
13 
44 
14 

2 

21 
72 
47 
13 
33 

4 
21 

1 
20 

9 
13 
47 
28 
24 
43 
47 
2 
35 

14 

18 
9 
9 

28 

16 
9 


1871-1919t 

1898-1915 

1877-1884 

1909-1918 

1910-1913t 

1907-1911 

1912-1921 

1912-1921 

1912-1921t 

1903-I9I1 

1906-1914 

1904-1911 

1902-1911 

1871-1921 

1912-1921t 

1877-1879 

1871-1879 

lS79-192It 

1879-1884 

1879-1884 

1879-1921 

1875-1877 

1887-19211 

1918-1921 

1916-1921 

1875-1884 

1874-1884 

1888-1921 

1898-1920 

1904-1914 

1875-1884 

1867-1884 

1861-        t 

187.5-1884 

1887-1921 

1908-1921 

1877-1921 

1895-1911t 

1909-1911 

1893-1916t 

1849-1921 


1870-1884 

1849-1884t 

1865-1869 

1893-1914 

1920-1921 

1870-1921t 

1875-1884 

1871-1884 

1874-1921 

Broken 
1894-1918 
1875-1918 
1871-1918 
1905-1907 
1878-1913 
1892-1906 
1886-1910t 
1875-1884 
1875-1884 
1888-1916 
1899-1916t 

Broken 


Inches. 

19.05 
22.56 
18.94 
19  51 
21  79 
22,26 
15  82 
15  35 
13.39 
19.02 
15.55 
18  65 
15.82 
15,30 
11,94 

6,60 

9,41 
10  13 
12  90 
1110 
12  52 
21  01 
19.82 
15.64 
17  44 

7.54 
39-58 
48.25 
26.80 
25  48 
25.43 
21  82 
17.99 

17.78 
25.72 

21  65 
22.48 
23.77 
13.40 
26.41 
22.49 
23  84 
16.24 
19.79 
22.88 
18.21 
25  52 

22  64 
22.73 
48.73 
20.61 
30.29 
30  09 
34.51 
48.96 
37  77 
16.88 
31.12 
15  55 
18.44 
22.48 
55.59 
55-55 
44.18 


Inches. 

18  70 
21.57 
19,07 
21,04 
25  19 
21.71 
17.23 
16  73 
15  30 
16.85 

15  58 

16  36 
14.21 
15  30 
12.94 

5.35 
9.11 
9.80 
13.22 
11.38 
12.40 
24.16 
19.26 
17.43 
21.80 
7.82 
41  27 
46.70 
26.80 
24  10 
25.82 
20.61 
16.78 
16.31 
25.60 
22.91 
22  18 
22.70 
12  52 
24  80 
22.50 
23.80 
15.50 
18.90 
17.84 
18.96 
26.05 
22.75 
23.54 
51.41 
20.60 
29.29 
29.42 
33.98 
48.61 
28.60 
16  60 
28.52 
14  02 
18  24 
22  23 
53  00 
54,40 
45  18 


•Estimated. 

t  Records  broken. 


6-20273 


82 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 


Number. 

381 

382 

383 

384 

385 

386 

387 

388 

389 

390 

391 

392 

393 

394 

395 

396 

397 

398 

399 

400 

401 

402 

403 

404 

405 

406 

407 

408 

409 

410 

411 

412 

413 

414 

415 

416 

417 

418 

419 

420 

421 

422 

423 

424 

425 

426 

427 

428 

429 

430 

431 

432 

433 

434 

435 

436 

437 

438 

439 

440 

441 

442 


Precipitation  station. 


Felton 

Santa  Cniz 

Aptos. 

WatsonviUe 

Pajaro 

HoUister 

Salinas 

Spreckcls 

Del  Monte 

Monterey 

Chualar 

BigSur 

Gonzales 

Soledad 

Abbotts 

San  Ardo 

King  City 

Priest  Valley 

Coalinga 

New  Idria 

Idria  (New  Idria) 

Panoche 

Mendota 

Firebaugh 

Storey 

Borden 

Friant 

Hamptonville 

Big  Dry  Creek 

Ciovis 

Fresno 

Lemoore 

Hanford 

Tulare 

Porterville 

Lindsay 

Vlsalia 

Goshen 

Traver 

Kingsburg 

Selma 

Dinuba 

Reedley 

Sa^ge^ 

Kings  River 

Piedra 

Dunlap 

Lemon  Cove 

Three  Rivers 

Lewis  Valley 

Milo...; 

Spring\ille 

Tule  River 

Owens  Valley  No.  16- 
Owens  Valley  No.  15. . 
Owens  Valley  No.  14. , 
Owena  Valley  No.  13.. 
Owens  Valley  No.  12. . 
Owens  Valley  No.  II,. 
Owens  Valley  No.  10 
Owens  Valley  No.  9  . 
Owens  Valley  No.    8. . 


Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 


Feet. 

275 

20 

102 

23 

22 

284 

40 

43 

25 

15 

101 

300 

127 

188 

1.050 

452 

333 

2.240 

663 

2,500 

2.500 

1,265 

177 

153 

296 

275 

345 


400 

293 

226 

249 

289 

484 

500* 

334 

300* 


311 
333 
347 
371 


2,800 
600 
870 
600 
1,600 
4,000 
2,500 
6,100 
5,500 
5.000 
4.500 
4,100 
6,120 
5,590 
5,030 
4.800* 


Length 
of  record. 


Years. 

26 

43 

30 

31 

11 

47 

47 

16 

10 

41 

3 

7 

16 

45 

6 

16 

32 

19 

9 

3 

1 

5 

13 

27 

21 

9 

21 

2 

8 

4 

40 

6 

20 

44 

32 

6 

41 

7 

1 

6 

29 

12 

20 

25 

6 

1 

4 

21 

11 

6 

20 

14 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


Period 
of  record. 


1889-1921 t 

I878-J921 

1885-1915 

1881-1921! 

1873-1884 

1874-1921 

187.3-19211 

1905-1921 

1911-1921 

1847-I915t 

1881-1884 

1914-1921 

1899-1915 

1874-1921t 

1915-1921 

1886-1902 

1887-19211 

1898-1921 t 

1912-1921 

1881-1884 

1920-1921 

1914-1919 

1894-1 908t 

Broken 
1899-1921t 
1875-1884 

Broken 
1878-1880 
1871-1879 
1917-1921 
1881-1921 
1878-1884 
1899-1921 t 
1876-1921t 
1889-1921 
1915-1921 
1877-19211 

Broken 
1880-1887 
1878-1884 
1880-1915 
1909-1921 
19)1-1921 
1889-19151 
1878-1884 
1920-1921 
1912-1916 
1899-1921t 
1910-1921 
1878-1884 
1898- 192  It 
1907-1921 
1913-1921 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 
1908-1910 


Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 


Inches, 

46  88 
27  23 
28,12 
21  71 
18  23 


13 
14 
13 
14 
16 
12 
38 
12 

9 
20 
10 
11 
21 

7 
19 
13 

8,45 

6  54 

8  00 

9  63 

8  60 
13  81 
16,48 
16  28 
11  05 

9  78 

7  91 

8  49 

8  39 
10  13 

10  33 

9  89 
6  91 
8  51 

8  80 

9  11 

11  95 
11  65 
10  66 
16  35 
13.65 
29.33 
14  66 
19  16 
11,15 
22,85 
35.14 
37  8t 
10  58 

8  72 
6,45 
4  82 
3.92 
15,05 
10.50 
8,49 
7,26 


•Estimated. 
tRecorda  broken. 


WATER   RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


83 


TABLE 


4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 

443 
444 

Owens  Valley  No.    7 

Feet. 

3,940 
3,925 
3,728 
3,620 
178 
1,623 
3,300 
2,700 
2,600 
5.500 
2.500 
2.500 
2.500 
2.640 
2.751 
3.964 
1.500 
4.400 
2,721 
1,290 
2,500 
550 
500* 
400* 
634 

Years. 

2 

12 
16 
24 

9 

1 
10 

4 
27 
12 
13 
10 
15 

2 
37 
37 
19 
13 

7 
39 
16 

4 

1908^1910 

1871-1877 

1904-1920 

1885-1909 

1912-1921 

1920-1921 

1907-1917 

1900-1906f 

1894-1921 

1909-1921 

1896-1909 

1904-1915t 

1901-19201 

1900-1902 

1877-1914 

1877-19I4t 

1909-1921 

190(M915t 

1877-1884 

1876-1915 

1904-1921t 

1878-1882 

Inches. 

5.75 
4.47 
5,70 

3  01 
1,71 
4,99 

25  65 
9,63 
10  30 
20  96 

10  62 

12  12 

11  48 
9  46 

4  93 
10  69 
10  52 

20  02 
13,79 
10  94 
11,21 

7,53 

5  60 

5  10 

6  96 

10  06 
6  22 
6,51 
6,38 
6,25 
6  43 
6  42 

5  58 

6  08 
5  04 

5  40 
9  62 

6  20 
6,31 
6  80 
9  .36 

17  64 

11  84 

18  09 

16  35 

17  49 
28  32 

21  27 
14.16 

15  12 
U  73 
11,78 

13  40 

17  29 

19  92 

16  34 
27  95 

18  54 
15,94 

Inches. 

4,29 
4  33 

445 

4  30 

446 

3  20 

447 

Greenland  Ranch 

1,68 

448 

Trona 

4  34 

449 

23.50 

450 

7  65 

451 

10  00 

452 

21  20 

453 

10  30 

454 

Borel      

10  67 

455 

10,50 

456 

8,76 

457 

4  80 

458 

10  40 

459 

9,78 

460 

16  00 

461 

Keene        

13,27 

462 

10  80 

463 

9  40 

464 

Rio  Bravo  Ranch 

8  84 

5  51 

466 
467 

Sumner 

Oil  Center 

10 

6 

6 

2 

15 

32 

19 

18 

7 

31 

19 

3 

19 

19 

10 

10 

9 

9 

11 

28 

37 

34 

5 

27 

52 

30 

8 

3 

8 

23 

12 

10 

7 

17 

54 

35 

1874-1884 

1914-1920 

1914-1920 

19I0-1913t 

1899-192It 

1876-1908 

1901-1920 

1899-19211 

1913-1920 

1889-1921t 

1901-1920 

1879-1882 

1901-1920 

1901-1920 

1911-1921 

1911-1921 

1912-1921 

1912-1921 

1908-19211 

1887-1915 

1882-19211 

1887-1921 

191G-1921 

1889-1916 

1869-1921 

1885-192It 

1913-1921 

1918-1921 

1876-1884 

1894-1921t 

1909-1921 

1904-1914 

Broken 
1898-1916t 
1867-1921 
1873-1909t 

6  06 
6,84 

468 

9,88 

469 

8,29 

470 
471 

Angiola 

Delano    

208 
319 

6  20 
6,60 

472 

5  44 

473 

336 

373 

394 

360* 

300* 

320* 

5.40 

474 

5  42 

475 

Bakersfield     .                           

5.20 

476 

5  29 

477 

McClung  Ranch 

6  86 

478 

LaVMirlp  Ran/*h 

4,70 

479 

8,38 

480 

640 

803 

595 

1,205 

2,800 

616 

960 

800 

837 

996 

201 

220 

150 

95 

100* 

500 

569 

600 

2,393 

1.000 

1.30 

50 

5  58 

481 

Middlewater 

5,68 

482 

Dudley 

5,96 

483 

Antelope  Valley 

9,56 

484 

Parkfield 

16  80 

485 

San  Miguel 

11  60 

486 
487 

Jolon 

Paso  Robles 

17  70 
16  30 

488 

Atascadero 

18,21 

489 

27.40 

490 

21.62 

491 

14.20 

492 

14  49 

493 

14.42 

494 

11  99 

495 

13  50 

496 

15,31 

497 

17,60 

498 

15  55 

499 

25.30 

500 

18.82 

501 

16.50 

•Estimated. 
tRecords  broken. 


84 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Slalions  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 
mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
502 

Feet. 

8 

150 

286 

900 

1,200 

1,250* 

3.680 

3,750 

4,850 

1,350 

7,200 

3,174 

3,500* 

3,170 

2,800 

4,500 

3,047 

3,000 

3,000 

2,468 

486 

2,820 

1.200* 

1,268 

1,066 

110 

361 

827 

2,069 

1,400 

1,650 

2,400 

1.800* 

2.000 

1,800* 

3,299 

3,500 

4,016 

2.000 

6.081 

3,875 

3,420 

5,850 

1,500* 

>    1.400 

900* 

400* 

540 

740 

750 

1.000* 

1.000* 

1,000* 

1,200* 

1,200* 

1.800 

4.000* 

3,700* 

3.200* 

3,000* 

4,150 

2,300 

2,750* 

1,200 

1,350 

861 

711 

714 

Years. 

11 
19 
18 
16 

1873-1884 
1893-1916t 

Broken 
1905-1921 

Inches. 

14,59 
14.72 
15  87 
23  87 
19,15 
34,24 
17  10 
10,59 
13,99 

28  25 
19.77 

13  91 
6,93 
5, 35 
7,57 

17  87 
13,36 

6,25 

10,33 

11  28 

.     9,78 

14  15 
16,98 
17.87 
14  16 
14,99 
15.60 
18.62 
21  49 
23.39 

20  31 
28.82 

21  33 
24.87 

29  27 
6  90 

18.28 
23.09 
19.26 

21  83 
20.88 
27.50 
33  30 
37.92 
24.22 
23.72 
18.10 
19.63 
23.66 
27.90 
20.76 
19.21 
27.22 
22.95 
23.23 

22  55 

30  60 
11  35 

6,46 
17,06 
28,68 
21  60 
25,17 

18  10 
17,38 

19  43 
12,51 
15.71 

Inches. 
14  99 

503 

West  Saticoy..,, 

15  10 

504 

505 

Ojai  Valley 

20  60 

606 

23  06 

507 

13 

15 

6 

9 

28 

2 

8 

2 

1 

9 

13 

8 

1 

I 

5 

1 

1 

3 

38 

26 

36 

44 

22 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

3 

2 

6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

21 

17 

1 

24 

3 

14 

22 

11 

4 

3 

4 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

10 

3 

1 

3 

3 

2 

30 

3 

8 

10 
22 

1901-1914 

1904-1921t 

1915-1921 

1893-1902 

1886-1914 

189.5-1897 

Broken 
1899-1901 
1898-1899 
1894-1903 
1899-1912 

Broken 
1917-1918 
1920-1921 
1879-1884 
1919-1920 
1899-1900 
1909-1912 
1877-1915 
1877-1921 t 
1885-1921 
1877-1921 
1892-192It 
1918-1921 
1920-1921 
1919-1921 
1918-1921 
1920-1921 
1918-1921 
1919-1921 
1896-1902 
1918-1921 
1918-1921 
1918-1921 
1899-I919t 
1899-1902 
1896-1919f 
1904-1921 
1920-1921 
1897-1921 
1918-1921 
1905-1919 
1898-1920 
1892-1911t 
1880-1884 
1918-1921 
1900-1921t 
1920-1921 
1920-1921 
1918-1921 
1896-1899 
1919-1921 
191I-I921 
1918-1921 
1920-1921 
1918-1921 
19IS-1921 
1919-1921 
1891-1921 
1918-1921 
191.3-1921 
1874-1884 
1893-1915 

29.28 

508 

15  80 

509 

Pattiway 

6  90 

510 

Mutah  Flat 

20  05 

511 

26  80 

512 

22  99 

513 

Fort  Tejon 

14  67 

514 

9  62 

515 

10  48 

516 

9.73 

517 

18  00 

518 

14.66 

519 

7  53 

520 

Little  Rook  Creek 

10,23 

521 

9.10 

522 

9.88 

523 

Magic  Hill    

24  40 

524 

Pincliot 

15.20 

525 

Newhall         ... 

17  50 

526 

13.91 

527 

14.40 

528 

15.20 

529 

19  08 

530 

24.70 

631 

23.15 

532 

20.31 

533 

33.12 

534 

21.12 

535 

28.60 

536 

29,27 

537 

Palmdale      

9.79 

538 

Alder  Creek 

21.02 

539 

26.53 

540 

22.13 

541 

Sister  Elsie  Peak 

21.50 

542 

20.72 

643 

28  90 

644 

31.80 

645 
546 

Santa  .\nita  Forest  Station 

37.65 
25.70 

547 

27.26 

548 

17.45 

649 

20,40 

650 

23.20 

651 

23.03 

652 

23.87 

553 

20.65 

554 

26.96 

655 

Two  Canyon  Ranch 

24.69 

556 

San  Gabriel  Intake 

26.72 

557 

Follows  Camp 

36.42 

558 

30.60 

559 

11,65 

660 

7.43 

661 

Voltaire 

16.89 

562 

32,98 

563 

24,81 

564 

25  17 

565 

19  30 

566 

19,96 

567 

18,70 

568 

11.65 

569 

16.30 

•E3timated. 
jRecorda  broken. 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


85 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 

CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  \L\P. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 

For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  levcL 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fiftj'  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
570 

Feet. 

1,750 
1,320 
1,000 
1,325 
978 
1,054 
1,352 
1,759 
5.280 
2.950 
2,850 
2,000 
5.350 
5.200 
6.500 
2.000 
2.250 
3.256 
3.256* 
3.300 
3.000 
2.105 
2,006 

Years. 

20 

14 

1 

6 

8 

51 

32 

17 

10 

18 

17 

7 

5 

5 

22 

3 

16 

16 

9 
11 

2 

24 

1 

1 

7 

3 

2 

10 

2 

3 

8 

1 

3 

3 

2 

18 

1 

2 

29 

9 

43 

18 

16 

43 

1 

26 

11 

2 
8 
16 
10 
8 
28 
10 
7 
13 
7 
4 
4 
3 
4 
15 

1891-1911 
1904-1918 
1882-1883 
1915-1921 
1876-1884 
1870-1921 
1889-1921 
1892-1909 

Broken 
1903-1921 
1904-1921 
1909-19191 
1893-1898 
1893-1898 
1892-1918t 
1912-1915 
1905-1921 
1900-1916 
1919-1921 

Broken 
1915-1917 

Broken 
I8S3-1S84 
1868-1869 
1909-1916 
1895-1898 
1919-1921 
1911-1921 
1915-1917 
1918-1921 
1874-1882 
1920-1921 
1919-1921 
1918-1921 
1919-1921 
1903-1921 
1883-1884 
1916-1919t 
1892-1921 

Broken 
1878-1921 
1889-1907 
1905-1921 
1878-1921 
1920-1921 
1889-1915 
1919-1920 
1920-1921 
1920-1921 
1920-1921 
1898-1909 
1877-1884 
1920-1921 
1919-1921 
1899-1921 
1888-1921t 
1911-1921 
1875-1888t 
1893-1921 
1901-1911 
1911-1918 
1908-1921 

Broken 
1911-1915 
1911-1915 
1912-1915 
1911-1915 
1906-1921 

Inches. 

21  00 
21  00 
16  11 
17.90 
9.77 

16  11 
14  64 
14.10 
40  05 
24.36 
29  73 
24  30 
43.74 
24.61 
35.96 
25.68 
38  40 
35  40 
37  58 

5.89 
4.65 
4.26 
3  98 
3.87 
19  72 

13  63 
21.78 
28.26 
32.19 
28  75 
22.49 
17.41 

11  37 
8.71 

13.72 

2  17 
7.47 
8  39 
4.28 
4.34 
2.32 
2.66 

3  22 
2.91 
4.07 
4.50 
6.84 
5  70 

23.44 
10.93 
11.60 
5.21 
9.57 
21  49 

14  63 
19.22 
23.34 
22.67 

12  98 
27  80 
16.99 

13  76 

17  01 
21  63 
22.08 
17.79 
17  94 
17  67 

Inches- 
23.10 

571 

19  40 

572 

29  85 

573 

17.90 

574 

9.97 

575 

16  15 

576 

Redlands  

14.70 

577 

14.90 

578 

41.34 

579 
580 
581 

Mill  Creek  No.  2...... 

Santa  Ana  River 

23.00 
27.48 
22.70 

582 

51  40 

583 

Deep  Creek                            

28.90 

584 

Bear  Valley  Dam                                 .     . 

36  40 

585 

Devils  Canon                             

22.72 

586 

L>1le  Creek 

36  00 

587 

Glen  Ranch           .     .           

32  90 

588 

36.82 

589 

Dobie  Ranch                                    

4.91 

590 

4.64 

591 

3.90 

592 

Daggett      .    .     .                  

2.15 

593 

Camp  Cady 

3  01 

594 

7,800 
5,220 
6,800* 
5.000 
6.000 
6.500 
4.300 
2.855 
2.350 
2.500 
6,867 
784 
2,091 
2,700 
477 
268 
255 
263 
185 
20 
1,000 
584 
1.500* 
1.200* 
3.500 
2,500 
1.779 
1.123 
1.300 
3.500 
2,330 
2.558 
3.045 
2.560 
1.550 
5.250 
3.600 
1.986 
2,751 
3.200 
4.200 
6.200 
4.500 
3.165 

18  00 

595 

Holcomb  Creek 

1780 

596 

21  35 

597 

Seven  Oaks      

27.60 

598 

27.16 

599 

Raywood  Flat                    

29.75 

600 

25.40 

601 

18.72 

602 

10.88 

603 

8  33 

604 

13  13 

605 

Bagdad 

1  90 

606 

4  04 

607 

Goffs 

9.76 

608 

4.40 

609 

BIythe 

3  70 

610 

Sterling     ...       .              

2  30 

611 

Salton  

2  90 

612 

Mecca                                    

2  80 

613 

2  90 

614 

3  54 

615 

4  60 

616 

5  90 

617 

6  13 

618 

MiUard  Forks 

25  21 

619 

Milliard  Canyon                        

11  75 

620 

12.00 

621 

4  76 

622 

10.29 

623 

Hurlev  FUt 

20  56 

624 

16.40 

625 

18  50 

626 

22  80 

627 

26  70 

628 

13.40 

629 

IdyllwUd 

26  10 

630 

Cahuilla                          

16.20 

631 

13  80 

632 

17  36 

633 

21.63 

634 

21.60 

635 
636 

Hot  Springs  Mountain _ 

Easier  Nest                                      

16.83 
17  55 

637 

17.70 

•Intimated. 
tRecords  broken. 


86 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  4— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map.  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  6. 


Station 
on  map. 

Precipitation  station. 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

Mean  of 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 
record. 

Fifty  year 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 
tion. 

Number. 
638 

Feet. 

2,772 

2,894 

2,805 

2,702 

2,810 

2,725 

3,350 

3,200 

3,600 

3,200 

4,800 

3,000 

2,983 

2,800 

4,500 

4,550 

4,100 

2,300 

1,440 

1,400 

430 

975 

1,050 

1,900 

2,500 

1,986 

2,800 

2,975 

4,500 

5,350 

1,360 

650 

1,000 

60 

700 

1,234 

851 

615 

200 

133 

176 

405 

134 

32 

19 

60 

30 

55 

460 

660 

500 

350 

87 

302 

90 

60 

310 

300 

640 

482 

670 

400 

710 

490 

600 

800 

Years. 

13 

15 

6 

22 

3 

2 

4 

19 

1 

22 

1 

I 

I 

15 

7 

3 

4 

13 

42 

24 

11 

10 

27 

22 

40 

12 

44 

11 

3 

8 

29 

7 

8 

I 

9 

4 

24 

14 

3 

2 

71 

17 

22 

27 

1 

16 

22 

7 

2 

15 

13 

6 

2 

1911-1915 

19I1-I9I5 

19I1-19I5 

19I1-19I5 

1911-1915 

1911-1915 

1908-1921 

1911-1915 

1911-1915 

1912-1915 

1911-1915 

1900-1915 

1911-1915 

1909-1915 

1880-1921t 

1912-1915 

1913-1915 

I9I1-1915 

1896-1915 

1914-1915 

1893-1915 

1914-1915 

1911-1913 

1914-1915 

1911-1912 

1896-1915t 

Broken 
1912-1915 
1911-1915 
1901-1920t 
1872-1912t 
1897-1921 
1875-1886 
1909-1919 
1876-1903 
1887-1921t 
1881-1921 
19D8-1921t 
1877-1921 
1889-1921 t 
1883-1886 
1913-1921 
1878-1909t 
1863-1870 
1 888-1921 t 
1917-1918 

liroken 
1911-1915 
1879-1909t 
1901-1915 
1912-1915 
1914-1915 
1850-1921 
1904-1921 
1908-1915 
1899-1921 
1888-1915 
1914-1915 
1899-1915 
1899-1921 
1908-1915 
1909-1911 
1900-1915 
1901-1915t 
1902-1908 
1912-1915t 

Inches. 

18  33 
18.95 
18.57 

30  34 
15.03 
32  74 
30.39 
24  01 
24.00 

31  53 
36  36 
24  68 
27.39 
27.19 

32  85 

27  91 
42  88 
23.26 
17.25 

28  42 
13  04 

28  18 
16.21 
37.37 

19  81 
30  92 
23  03 

29  20 

33  46 
48  38 
19.74 

16  00 
15.47 

12  87 

17  27 

13  16 

10  89 
13  06 

13  13 
12  98 
15  78 

14  81 

11  80 
9.88 
9  73 

13.62 

12  74 

10  61 

13  96 
14.15 
14.25 
19  30 

9  66 

11  20 
11.07 
10  60 

10  88 
17  13 
13.69 
13.75 

11  72 

12  06 

13  63 

15  87 
16.03 
16.77 

Inches. 

639 

640 

Warner  Summer  Road                          

18  17 

641 

642 

Monkey  Hill 

14  70 

643 

644 

Mesa  Grande 

30  40 

645 

646 

23  48 

647 

648 

35  58 

649 

Santa  Ysabei  Ranch 

24  02 

650 

26  08 

651 

Witch  Creek 

26  98 

652 

32  10 

653 

Schilling 

26  40 

654 

Pine  Hills  Hotel 

34  15 

655 

Rose  Glen 

22  75 

656 

17  75 

657 

Santa  Maria  Damsite 

19  21 

658 

13  61 

659 

Pamo  Camp 

19  03 

660 

20  52 

661 

Sutherland  Dam 

25  23 

662 

21  53 

663 

21  98 

664 

27  90 

665 

27  61 

666 

32  72 

667 

NeUie 

45  40 

668 

Valley  Center 

19  40 

669 

16  60 

670 

Twin  Oaks 

14  88 

671 

Oceanside 

12  80 

672 

Fallbrook 

17  20 

673 

Elsinore 

13  50 

674 

10.70 

675 

Corona    

13  00 

676 

13.00 

677 

Santa  Ana 

12  60 

678 

11  34 

679 

Yorba  Linda 

13  51 

680 

12.00 

681 

Drumm  Barracks               

10  62 

682 

San  Pedro 

10  80 

683 

Venice 

11.63 

684 

12.67 

685 

Santa  Fe  Ranch 

9.64 

686 

13.90 

687 

Miraraar 

13.71 

688 

13  48 

689 

Chollas  Heights 

13.04 

690 

9.94 

691 

Point  T,nTn!\ 

10  70 

692 

Otay 

10  83 

693 

10  60 

694 

10.78 

695 

11  57 

696 

13.58 

697 

13.70 

698 

EI  Cajon  Valley                .          

11  46 

699 

12.30 

700 

13.32 

701 

Los  Padres  Ranch 

15  26 

702 

14,79 

703 

Jamul  Ranch 

15.67 

tRecords  broken. 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


87 


TABLE  4— (Concluded).     PRECIPITATION  DATA  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Slalions  listed  in  order  of  numbers  on  map,  Plate  IV. 
For  alphabetical  list  see  Table  5. 


Station 
on  map. 


Number. 

704 
705 
706 
707 
708 
709 
710 
711 
712 
713 
714 
715 
716 
717 
718 
719 
720 
721 
722 
723 
724 
725 
726 


Precipitation  station. 


Lower  Otay  Reservoir 

Dulzura 

Tecate 

Potrero 

Campo 

Morena  Dam 

Skye  Valley 

Barrett  Dam 

Lyon  Peak 

Lyon  Valley 

Lawson  Valley 

Jatapul 

Chocolate  Creek 

Diverting  Dam 

Cayamaca 

East  Cuyamaca 

Descango 

Laguna 

Brawley 

Imperial 

Heber 

Cale.^ico 

Fort  Yuma 


Mean  of 

Fifty  year 

Elevation 

above 
sea  level. 

Length 
of  record. 

Period 
of  record. 

seasonal 
precipita- 
tion 

mean 
seasonal 
precipita- 

record. 

tion. 

Feet. 

Years. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

486 

9 

1906-1915 

11,80 

11,60 

1.075 

1 

1914-1915 

24.03 

16  24 

1,775 

1 

19H-1915 

23.75 

16  05 

2.390 

1 

1914-1915 

27  34 

18.47 

2,543 

31 

1877-1921t 

20  50 

20 -.-iO 

3,000 

8 

1907-1915 

21,79 

21,79 

2,550 

1 

1913-1914 

19  45 

18  88 

1,600 

4 

1917-1921 

17  34 

20  59 

3,755 

1 

1914-1915 

55  63 

37  60 

2.200 

1 

1914-1915 

35  59 

24  03 

2,100 

1 

1914-1915 

30  02 

20-29 

2,725 

1 

1914-1915 

28  88 

19  50 

760 

16 

1899-1915 

17.07 

16  95 

820 

16 

1899-1915 

16  99 

16,86 

4.667 

33 

1888-1921 

38,95 

38  80 

4,600 

3 

1912-1915 

21  93 

20.75 

3,400 

12 

1896-1915t 

22  72 

25  40 

5,440 

10 

1894-1904 

18  59 

22  32 

105 

9 

1912-1921 

2  38 

2.11 

65 

4 

1902-1906 

4  58 

4  36 

65 

9 

1905-1914 

2  16 

1  88 

0 

16 

1905-1921 

2,94 

2  50 

100 

12 

1871-1883 

3.25 

3.12 

jRecords  broken. 


WATER    RESOURCES    OP    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  5.    PRECIPITATION  STATIONS  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  alphabetical  order. 
For  list  in  order  of  numbers  on  Plate  IV  see  Table  4. 


Precipitation  station 

on  map. 

Precipitation  station  on 

map. 

Precipitation  station 

on  map. 

Abbotts 

Number. 

305 

522 

(i.il 

357 

328 

.351 

538 

551 

80 

3 

664 

220 

680 

47 

614 

221 

350 

470 

377 

483 

339 

383 

581 

540 

Burkhart  Ranch 

Burney 

Number. 
....  548 
55 

Divide 

Number. 

Acton 

112 

Aguanga 

Butt  Valley 

58 

Dobie  Ranch 

Dodgeland 

589 

Alameda 

Byron 

Cabezon 

Calaveras 

Calaveras  River 

CahuiUa 

....  337 
....  620 
....  316 
....  227 
630 

124 

Alameda  Sugar  Co 

Alcatraz  Island 

Downieville 

90 

82 

Alder  Greek 

Alosta 

Drumm  Barracks 

Drytown 

DuWin 

681 

210 

...     .     322 

Alta 

Calexico 

Caliente 

Calistoga 

Campbell 

Camp  Cady 

Camp  Independence 

Campo 

Camptonville 

Camp  Wright 

Canyon  Dam 

....  725 
....  462 
....   167 
....  301 
....  593 
....  444 
....   708 
....   110 
....   144 
59 

Alturas 

Amago 

American  Camp 

Anaheim 

Anderson 

Andreas  Canyon  

Dudley 

Dulzura 

Dunlap 

Dunnigan 

Dunsmuir 

482 

705 

427 

183 

16 

.    .         125 

Angels  Camp 

Angel  Island 

Angiola 

Duvall  Vineyard 

Dyervilie 

Eagles  Nest 

East  Brother  Island 

East  Cuyamaca 

East  Park,  . 

330 

33 

636 

Ano  Nuevo  Island 

Antelope  Valley 

Cascada 

Cedarville  .... 

....  253 

9 

344 

719 

Antioch 

Aptos 

Centerville 

Central  Point 

Cherokee, 

....   105 
....  280 
....   104 
103 

137 

539 

Arrowhead  Springs 

Arroyo  Seco 

Edgewood 

12 

Atascadero 

488 

257 

201 

084 

Chester 

Chico 

Chihuahua  Mountain. . . . 

....     61 

....   125 

634 

Edison  Kern  River 

455 

94 

Auburn 

El  Caion 

El  Cajon  Valley 

697 

Avalon 

China  Flat 

39 

Azusa 

549 

005 

475 

624 

711 

Chino 

509 

El  D.irado 

207 

Bagdad 

....  716 

Electra 

...     215 

BakersSeld 

Chollas  Heights 

Christmas  Prairie 

....  689 
20 

Ellis   

335 

Banning 

El  Mocho  Vineyard 

Elsinore ^.. 

Emigrant  Gap 

331 

Barrett  Dam 

Chualar   

391 

673 

Barstow 

591 

231 

232 

460 

584 

625 

626 

66 

Churn  Creek 

Chute  Camp 

....     48 
.     115 

....     86 

Bear  River 

End  of  Flume    .   . . 

696 

Bear  River  Reservoir 

Cisco 

87 

Escondido 

Eureka 

669 

Bear  Valley 

Cla-emont 

Clear  Lake  (Modoc  County) 

Cloverdale 

Clovis 

Coahnga 

Colby  Camp 

Colfax 

Colgate 

Colton 

....  565 
....      5 
....   154 
....  410 
....  399 
....  542 
....     75 
....   114 
574 

27 

Bear  Valley  Dam 

Beaumont 

Beckwith 

Fairfield 

Fairmont 

Fallen  Leaf 

Fallbrook 

Farallones  Light  House  . . 

Farmingtcn 

Felton 

Fenner 

Fircbaugh 

Fish  Canyon 

Follows  Camp 

Folsom 

Fontana 

Fordvce  Dam 

Fort  Bidwell 

173 

518 

233 

672 

Bellota 

193 

157 

Benicia 

171 

288 

Ben  Lomond 

379 

191 

381 

606 

Berry  vale  (Sisson) 

14 

...     133 

404 

Berkeley 

333 

Converse  Nursery 

Corning 

Corona 

Covelo  Ranger  Station 

....  598 
....   127 
....  076 
....   143 
....  275 

552 

Bettera\ia 

Big  Bar 

492 

40 

557 

197 

Big  Bear  Tavern 

Big  Dry  Creek 

596 

409 

123 

392 

573 

88 

Biggs 

Craftonville 

....  577 
25 

I 

BigSur 

Fort  Bragg 

Fort  Crook 

149 

Bishop 

242 

243 

324 

315 

34 

81 

Crockett 

Crockers 

Crystal  Springs  Cottage. . . . 

Cuyamaca 

Daggett 

Damron's 

Davis  

Deadmans  Hole 

Deep  Creek 

Deer  Creek 

....  342 
....  269 
....  369 
....   718 
....  592 
....  643 
....   187 
....  633 
....  583 
83 

7 

Bishop  Creek 

Bishop  Ranch 

Fort  Gaston 

Fort  Humboldt 

23 

28 

Blanch  Gage 

18 

Blocksburg 

Blue  Canyon 

Fort  Mason 

Fnrt  Miller 

Fort  Point 

Fort  Ross 

Fort  Tejon 

Fort  Yuma 

Fonts  Springs 

Frazier  Mine 

Fresno 

3B9A 

.     256 

BIythe 

Boca 

009 

70 

361 

155 

Bodie 

2.39 

693 

513 

.    726 

Borden 

Borel 

406 

454 

378 

91 

151 

722 
338 

Delano 

Del  Monte 

Delta  

....  471 

....  389 

53 

138 

512 

411 

Bowmans  Dam 

DeSabIa 

99 

Friant 

Fruto  

Gait 

..  407 

Branscombe 

Brawley 

Dehesa 

Denair 

Descanso 

Devils  Canyon 

Devore  Ranch 

Dinuba 

Diverting  Dam 

....  702 
....  284 
....   720 
....  585 
....  688 
....  422 
....  717 

135 

194 

251 

Bridgeport 

Brighton 

Bryant's  Ranch 

Buchanan 

238 

195 

534 

262 

Georgetown 

Gilroy 

Gilta 

Glacier  Point 

203 

295 

21 

265 

WATER    RESOURCES    OF    CALIFORNIA. 


89 


TABLE  5— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  STATIONS  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  alphabetical  order. 
For  list  in  order  of  numbers  on  Plate  IV  see  Table  4- 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


I 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Number. 

Glendora 550 

Glen  Ranch 587 

Glennvilie 452 

Glenwood 380 

Goffs 607 

Gold  Run 78 

Gonzales 393 

Goshen 418 

Grass  Valley 117 

Gray  Mountain 590 

Grayson 291 

Greenland  Ranch 447 

Greenville 62 

Gridley 122 

Groveland 271 

Grizzly  Flat 230 

Guinda 182 

Hagcrman  Ranch 329 

Haines  Canyon 533 

Hamptonville 408 

Hanford 413 

Hansen  Ranch 536 

Happy  Camp 20 

Hayfork 37 

Head  Dam Ill 

Head  of  Escondido  Ditch 663 

Healdsburg 160 

Hearst f5 

Heber 724 

Helen  Mine 165 

HetchHetchy 267 

Highland  Springs 161 

Hills  Ferry 282 

Hillside  Reservoir 245 

Hobart  Mills 69 

Hoicomb 594 

Holcomb  Creek 595 

HoUister 386 

Hornbrook 9 

Hot  Springs 449 

Hot  Springs  Mountain 635 

Hueneme 502 

Hullville 142 

Humbug  Valley 57 

Hurley  Flat 623 

Huntington  Lake 252 

Hyampom 38 

Hydesville 30 

Idria  (new  Idria) 401 

Idyllwild 629 

Imola 1 75 

Imperial 723 

Indio 613 

Inskip 96 

lone 211 

Iowa  Hill 76 

Isabella 453 

Jacinto 130 

Jackson 212 

Jacksonville 272 

Jamestown 274 

Jamul  Ranch 703 

Japatul 715 

Jenny  Lind 219 

Jolon 486 

Julian 652 

Keeler 446 

Keene ._ 461 

Kennedy  Mine 213 

Kennett 52 

Kentfield 346 

Kernviile 451 

King  City 397 

Kingsburg 420 


Number. 

Kings  River 425 

Knights  Landing 185 

Knob 42 

Knoxville 180 

Kono  Tayee  (Lakeport) 139 

La  Crescenta 530 

La  Grange 276 

Laguna 721 

Lake  Chabot 355 

Lake  Eleanor 268 

Lake  Honda 363 

Lake  Merced 364 

Lakeport 140 

Lakeside 699 

l^akeside  Ranch 478 

Lake  Sebrina 244 

Lake  Spaulding 89 

Lake  Temescal 354 

La  Libre 515 

La  Mesa  Dam 688 

Lancaster 519 

La  Porte 92 

La  Presa 695 

Las  Plumas 102 

Lathrop 290 

Laurel 298 

Laws 241 

Lawson  Valley 714 

Laytonville 152 

Le  Grand 279 

Lemon  Cove 428 

Lemoore 412 

Lewis  Valley 430 

Lick  Observatory 304 

Lindsay 416 

Little  Rock  Creek 520 

Little  Stony 136 

Live  Oak  Canyon 566 

Livermore 332 

Livingston 283 

Llano 560 

Lodi 192 

Lompoc 493 

Lone  Pine 445 

Long  Camp 226 

Long  Valley 65 

Longwo-th 286 

Lordsburg 571 

Los  Alamos 496 

Los  Angeles 528 

LosBanos 281 

Los  Coches  Creek 700 

Los  Gatos 300 

Los  Molinos 44 

Los  Padres  Ranch 701 

Lower  Crystal  Springs 368 

Lower  Haines 535 

Lower  Otay  Reservoir 704 

Lundy  Reservoir 240 

Lyon  Peak 712 

Lyon  Valley 713 

Lytle  Creek 586 

Macdoei 8 

Madeline 4 

Magalia 100 

Magic  Hill 523 

Magundcn  Sub 465 

Malakoff  Mine 85 

Man3ana 516 

Maricopa 480 

Mariposa 264 

Markleeville 235 

Martinez 1 72 

Marysvillc 120 


Number. 

Matagul (i45 

May  Canyon 532 

McCloud 15 

McClung  Ranch 477 

McKinney 74 

Mecca 612 

Melones 222 

Mendenhall 666 

Mendocino 148 

Mendota 403 

Menio  Park 373 

Merced 278 

Merced  Falls 277 

Mesa  Grande 644 

Middletown 164 

Middlewater 481 

Midway 334 

Millard  Canyon 619 

Millard  Forks 618 

Mill  Creek  No.  1 214 

Mill  Creek  No.  2 579 

Mills  College 358 

Milo 431 

Milton 220 

Miramar 687 

Mission  Valley 602 

Mitchell  Mill 228 

Modesto 293 

Mojave 457 

Mokelumne  Hill 216 

Monkey  Hill 642 

Mono  Ranch 507 

Monrovia  Canyon 547 

Montague 10 

Monterey 390 

Monterio 517 

Montgomery  Creek 64 

Monumental 24 

Morongo  Valley 603 

Morena  Dam 709 

Morgan  Hill 297 

Morse's  House 582 

Mountain  Springs 564 

Mountain  View 375 

Mount  Dav 317 

Mount  Diablo 340 

Mt.  Lowe  Observatory 543 

Mount  Tamalpais 347 

Mount  Wilson 544 

Mouth,  San  .A.ntonio 563 

MumfordHill 95 

Mutah  Flat 510 

Mundy's 205 

Napa  City 176 

Needles 608 

Nellie 667 

Nevada  City 116 

Nevis  60 

Newcastle 200 

Newhall  525 

Now  Idria 400 

Newman 294 

Nicolaus 184 

Niles 319 

NordhofF 506 

North  Bloomfield 84 

North  Fork 259 

North  San  Juan 113 

Oakdale 287 

Oakgrove 632 

Oakland 359 

Oakville 178 

Occanside 671 

Ogiers 314 


90 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


TABLE  5— (Continued).     PRECIPITATION  STATIONS  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  alphabetical  order. 
For  list  in  order  of  numbers  on  Plate  IV  see  Table  4- 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Number. 

Number. 

Number. 

Oil  Center 

467 

Priest  Valley 

..  398 

Santa  Ana  River 

580 

Ojai  Valley 

505 

Princeton 

..  132 

Santa  Anita  Forest  Station  . 

645 

OkeU 

174 

Puerta  La  Cruz 

..  638 

Santa  Barbara 

son 

Oleta 

209 

654 

Quincy 

Ramona  

..     93 
..  656 

in? 

O'Melveny  Camp 

Santa  Cruz 

38i! 

Orange 

678 

Rancho  Del  Jurupa 

..   572 

Santa  Fe  Ranch 

68Ji 

OrUnd 

128 

Ravenna 

..   521 

Santa  Margarita 

489 

Orleans 

22 

Raywood  Flat 

..  699 

Santa  Maria 

491 

Oroviile 

106 

692 

Red  Bluff 

45 

Santa  Maria  Damsite. . 
Santa  Monica 

M7 

Otay 

Redding 

..     51 

an 

Owens  Valley  No.  2 

246 

Red  Dome 

..   601 

Santa  Paula 

.504 

Owens  Valley  No.  3 

247 

Redlands 

..  676 

Santa  Rosa  

IfW 

Owens  Valley  No.  4 

248 

Recdlcy 

..  423 

Santa  \  sabel  Ranch . . . 

649 

Owens  Valley  No.  5 .  .  .  . 

249 

Repressa 

..   198 

Santa  Ysabel  Stream  . . 

e.'io 

Owens  Valley  No.  6 

250 

Rincon  or  Warner's 

..   665 

Sausalito 

348 

Owens  Valley  No.  7 

44.3 

Rings  Station 

..   600 

Schilling 

66,1 

Owens  Valley  No.  8 

442 

441 

Rio  Bravo  Ranch 

Rio  Vista 

..   464 
..   190 

Scott  Valley 

17 

Owens  Valley  No.  9 

Second  Garrotte 

270 

Owens  Valley  No.  10... 

440 

Riverside 

..   674 

Selma 

421 

Owens  Valley  No.  11.... 

439 

Rocklin 

..    199 

Serriterre 

108 

Owens  Valley  No.  12.... 

438 

Rockwood  Ranch 

..   658 

Seven  Oaks 

597 

Owens  Valley  No.  13.... 

437 

Rohnerville 

..     29 

Shasta 

4» 

Owens  Valley  No.  14..  . 

436 

Rosedale  Ranch 

..  474 

Shield's  Ranch 

237 

Owens  Valley  No.  15  . . . 

435 

Rose  Glen 

..   655 

Shingle  Springs 

208 

Owens  Valley  No.  16.... 

434 

Rosewood 

..     46 

Shively 

32 

Ozena.. 

608 

Rose  Mine 

..   604 

Sierra  Madre 

.546 

Pajaro 

385 

Round  Valley 

..     56 

SierraviUe 

08 

Palermo 

107 

Rumsey 

..   181 

Sims 

50 

Palmdale 

637 

Ruth 

..     36 

Sisquoc  Ranch 

497 

Palm  Springs 

615 

Sacramento 

..    196 

Sisson 

13 

Pamo 

660 

St. Helena 

..   179 

Sister  Ebic  Peak 

541 

Pamo  Camp 

659 

St.  Helena  Mountain 

..   166 

Skye  Valley 

710 

402 

484 

Saint  John 

Salinas 

..    129 
..  387 

1IR 

Parkfield 

Smith's  Ranch 

514 

529 

487 

Salton 

..   611 
..  313 

«?? 

Paso  Robles 

Sam  Parks 

Soledad 

394 

Pattiway 

509 

San  Andreas 

..  217 

Sonoma 

177 

Peachland 

159 

San  Andreas  Reservoir 

..   366 

Sonora 

273 

Penstock  Camp 

224 

San  Ardo 

..  396 

South  East  Farallon 

168 

Petalxima 

169 

San  Antonio  Canyon 

..  562 

South  Vallejo 

170 

Phoenix  Dam 

223 

San  Bernardino 

..  575 

Spadra 

668 

Piedra 

426 

San  Diego 

..   690 

Spreckels 

388 

Pigeon  Point 

376 

San  Emidio. 

..  479 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No. 

101 

326 

Pilarcitas 

371 

San  Fohpe 

..   646 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. 

No. 

102 

326 

Pilot  Creek 

204 

San  Fernando 

..  526 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No. 

103 

327 

Pmchot 

524 

San  Francisco 

,368A 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. 

No. 

104 

333 

Pine  Crest 

499 

San  Gabriel  Intake 

..  656 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. 

No. 

105A308 

Pine  Hills  Hotel 

654 

San  Gabriel  Power  House 

..  553 

Spring  Vallev  Water  Co. 

No. 

106A  309 

Pine  Mountain 

662 

Sanger 

..  424 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. 

No. 

107 

310 

PittviUe.... 

6 

San  Gorgonio  Pass 

.  .   627 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co. 

No 

lOS 

307 

riacerville 

206 

San  Jacinto 

..   628 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co 

No 

lOi 

321 

San  Joaquin  Light  and  Power 
Co.  (Crane  Vallev) 

(Upper  Arroyo  Valley) 
Spring  Valley  Water  Co 

'ina 

Point  Arena 

153 

..  261 

No 

110 

Point  Bonita 

349 

San  Joaquin  Light  and  Power 

(Upper  Arroyo  Vallev) 

305 

Point  Conception 

494 

Co.  (Power  House  No.3)..  .. 

..  260 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co 

No 

ii: 

Point  Lobos 

362 

San  Joaquin  Light  and  Power 

(Patterson  Ranch) 

312 

Point  Loma 

691 

Co.  (Res.  No.  I) 

..  258 

Spring  Valley  Water  Co.  No.  112. . 

311 

Point  Montara 

365 

.San  Jose 

..  303 

Springville 

432 

Point  Reyes 

156 

San  Leandro 

..  356 

Squirrel  Inn 

578 

Pomona 

667 

San  Luia  Obispo 

..  490 

Standish 

64 

Porterville 

415 

San  Mateo 

. .   367 

Stanley  Miller  Mine. . . . 

658 

Portola 

67 

San  Miguel 

..  485 

Stanwood 

lUl 

Portola  Woods 

374 

San  Miguel  Island 

. .  495 

Sterling 

610 

Poso  Ranch 

472 

San  Pablo  Lake 

..  343 

Stevenson  Creek 

2,54 

707 

San  Pedro 

682 

Stirling  City      

98 

Poway 

686 

San  Rafael 

..  345 

Stookdale 

476 

Presidio 

360 

Santa  Ana 

..  677 

Stockton 

289 

WATEK   RESOURCEvS   OF    CALIFORNIA. 


91 


TABLE  5— (Concluded).     PRECIPITATION  STATIONS  USED  IN 
CONSTRUCTING  ISOHYETOSE  MAP. 

Stations  listed  in  alphabetical  order. 
For  list  in  order  of  nunibers  on  Plate  IV  see  Table  4- 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Precipitation  station  on  map. 


Number. 

Number. 

Number. 

Storey 

405 

Tulare 

414 

Wasioja 

498 

Strawberry  Flat 

77 

Tule  River 

433 

384 

Suisun 

173 

Turlock 

285 

Weaverville 

41 

Sulphur  Banks 

163 

Tustin  (near) 

676 

Weideman  Ranch 

323 

Summerdale 

263 

Twin  Oaks 

670 

Weldon 

450 

Summit 

72 

Twin  Valley 

162 

West  Branch 

97 

Sumner 

466 

Two  Canyon  Ranch 

555 

West  Butte 

121 

Sunol 

320 

Ukiah 

147 

Westlcy 

292 

63 

Upland 

570 

229 

Sutherland  Dam 

661 

Upper  Crystal  Spings 

370 

Westport 

150 

694 

5)1 

WestSaticoy 

603 

Tahoe 

73 

Upper  Lake  (Lake  County) . 

141 

Wheatland 

119 

Tallac 

234 

31 

Whitewater 

621 

Tamarack 

236 

Vacaville 

189 

Whitewater  Canyon . . . . 

616 

Taylor's  Ranch 

456 

Valley  Center 

.....  668 

Whitewater  Ranch 

617 

Tecate 

706 

Valley  .Springs 

218 

Williams 

134 

Tehachapi 

458 

Valyermo 

559 

WiUits 

146 

43 

V'enice 

683 

Willows 

131 

Tejon  Ranch 

459 

V'entura 

501 

Winters 

188 

296 

Vestal 

469 

202 

Tequisquita  Ranch 

318 

Visalia 

417 

Witch  Creek 

651 

Thermal  Heights 

468 

Volcan  Mountain . 

648 

Woodland 

186 

Three  Rivers 

429 

Voltaire 

561 

Woodleaf 

109 

ToU  House 

255 

Walla  Walla  Creek 

19 

Woodaide 

372 

Towle 

79 

336 

Walnut  Creek                 .   . 

341 

Wrights 

Verba  Buena  Island — 

299 

Tracy 

Warner  Damsite 

641 

352 

Traver 

419 

Warner  Ranch  House 

639 

Yorba  Linda 

679 

Trona 

448 

Warner's  Springs 

637 

Yosemite 

266 

Truckee 

71 

Warner  Summer  Road 

640 

Yrcka 

11 

Tujunga 

531 

Wasco 

473 

Zenia 

35 

92 
Z 

o 

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WATER   RESOTTRCKS    OF    CAMFORNIA. 
TABLE   6. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  6. 


93 


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WATER   RESOURCES    OP    CALEPORNIA. 
TABLE   6. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  6. 


95 


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WATEE    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   6. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNU. 
TABLE  6. 


97 


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WATER    RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   6. 


a    ! 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  6. 


99 


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TABLE  6. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  6. 


101 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  7. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  7. 


103 


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TABLE   .7 


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WATER  RESOURCES   OF   CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  7. 


105 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   7. 


CO  o> 
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107 


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TABLE   7. 


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TABLE  7. 


109 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


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1/3 

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Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
tn  con- 
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g       OO       ^       ro       »o       CO -r       '*  r^       CI  r^ -J- CI  CI       -^             ■>»■                       ^       i*  ^_ 

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WATER   RESOURCKS   OP 
TABLE  8. 


CALIFORNIA. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP   CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


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w 

D 
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2 
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0 
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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


123 


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p.ct. 
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Ph 

111 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


125 


z  !t; 


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126 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


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TABLE   8. 


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— ■Tf'ocrex>moo»o 


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=  OwOOOO-—  —  —  —  —  —  oo«— — ■  —  —  •^— ■- 


-=-^-^-:--ia-a-«-T3-T3-a~ 


o  o  oo  o  o  o 
tei  in  ui  ka  tti  la  in 


INCOMCCNNM 


c^cotereccfcrcc^ 


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127 


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gfaW 


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„  6  o. 


128 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


oo  to 


00  lO 


lO  W3 


—  ^      w 


O  OO  «0  CD  Tj<  tJ« 
M  to  «  CO -^  CO 


Ol  U3  ^  O  CO  CC 


Ol  CO  CJ  O  CO  o> 
CO  ^  CO  O  —  o 


c^  ^  c^i  rococB 
^  Tj"  CO  ca  ci  W 


CO  r-  O  -^Oi  » 

*f  -f  CO  CT  —  C^ 


OO  lO  J^  OO  ■*  ""T 
CO  CO  CnI  05  •—•  C'l 


lO  CO  t^  Oi  T 
C-1  lO  (M  O  - 


M-  O  O  00  — ■  00 

ira  o  (M  o  o  CI 


Oi  O  CM 
•*»OCO 


OCOO 
W3  ffl  C) 


o  to  o 


OOO  o 


OCM  o 
r^  M  —• 


O  "O  o 
CM  —00 


Oco 

CO  CO 


OCO  o 
C0  50  to 


OO 

00 

00 

Oi  C5  C5  Oi  CTj  CI  CT) 

<MQO 

OO 

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CMCooo 

oi  a>  oi 

1.3  o  >,t 

;  g  S  5^  = 


CO"? 


oocc  oooo 


I  ^  ^ 


5 


gS     g    o    I 

CO  M       CO        W3 


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WATER    RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


3 

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§   1 

s 
a 

Cu 

■* 
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fh 

to 
I>1 

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o 

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1^ 

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d 

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— !oo 

d 

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0<M 

»« 

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3 

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s 

QO 

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40 

oo 

Oh 

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M 

M 

US 

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o; 

j6 

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cu 

1  s, 

g 

m      t—      o  o  »o  o 

■g 

a 

CL," 

88 

00       ec 

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in 

oo 

oo 

is 

O       — 1— 1       o  ,         o 

o 

1 

1    rt 

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CU 

1^ 

oo      CO      cof-oooi      »o«=toao      oooi      os           ao      tot^QOOs      eo -a- m  ^  f;~  oo  ro  o 

Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

P-i 

a^oo 

Sis 

.Annual  use 
in  depth 
on  land. 

1 

-fci         <M         lO         OO  —  -M  I^         CO  "O 

1            C^            ^            d-H-ci            dd 

oo        oi—        ^              eo        ^eOOOO        to  CO  <3a  lO  r— m  c^  c-a 

to         CO  CO         •-;               O         <5>CT>C-»0>         Oirac^uOiOiOcDO 
d         oo         "^                — <         —  —  M—         c>,  ^_  — — .  — -H(M 

5 

1 

O 

CO 

Area 
irri- 
gated. 

O        ■*        lOOI— 0>        00  — o—        o»o        o              o 

< 

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00         «3  to  «D  CO  G»  O  00  Oi 

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J 
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129 


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130 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIPORNU. 
TABLE   8. 


o    c 

s  s 


■  ■*  CO  O  to  00  CM  ^ 

■  CO -^  W5  >0  <M  «  C 


■-*OOtJ<iO'-K3>cDI- 


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-OOOOiCOtOCOOOO 


-OCMOOOO— IN 


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00<-4«0^00 


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H^CMCMCM      i-T     coccmcc 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


131 


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C/5 

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> 
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2 

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CsOCMt-OiaO<NC»  — iM—      ■ 

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1 

0         — :=  — r,  OCSOOOJ 
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0  ai— «  :OiO"5  I— re  »  OC  0      ■ 

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a. 

^       — ro  —  t-cviw3-roo 

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3 

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% 

Loss  of 

di- 
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water 
in  con- 
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—  M       —< 

—  a.  <= 

^ 

.^-        ^3ooSt-t212f:^                  -        CfJ  —  OCSQCCDOOOO  —  —  ■*        •«              10              to 

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132 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


M 
H 
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>* 

O 

a; 

> 

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o 


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<; 

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u 

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di- 
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water 
in  con- 
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oi 

CO  ;q  lO 

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c  =  o 
<< 

2 

1  ^  ^^^ 

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1 

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3  3«  S 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF 
TABLE   8. 


CALIFORNIA. 


U 
H 

CD 
CO 

O 


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to 
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b 
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3 


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cu 

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SS3 

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di- 
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water 
in  con- 
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ti 

M 

lO  '-o  rQ  o  t-- 

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1 

1 

lO  — -^  t— -^ 

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CD    ^      O 


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1-3 


134 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


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CO 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP 
TABLE   8. 


CALIFORNIA. 


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0 
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rt 

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di- 
verted 
water 
ill  con- 
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a    . 

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s 

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135 


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£  » 

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fee 

SB 

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111 

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ci  a  o 


136 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP 
TABLE   8. 


CALIFORNIA. 


O 

< 
> 


<: 
oi 

H 

O 

u 
3 


•o 

u 

3 
C 

§ 


3 

^  1 

■s  "= 

§1 
s  s 

Q. 

a 

Q 

o 

oo 

o 

•■J"  CO  ro  CM  CM  CO  O 

o 

oo 

o 

CO 

oo  i^  t-  CO  r-  ■<»■  04 

-*  CO  C)  (D  CO  CM  — « 

s 

cu 

o 

oo 
cboo 

o 

^r  t-  "-i  CO  o>  cc  t— 
t-i  !6  t^  t^  tC  t^  to 

CL. 

o 

oo 
oJd 

o 

i-OOCOOCMOOO 

--i  d  CO  CM  ^  —  ci 

3 
< 

■s      : 

ci        - 

o 

oo 

o 
d 

(C  t^  C-J  lO  O  O  C-1 

CO  ^^^"scor- 

3 

o-i        ■ 

o 

oo 

o 

0=  O  Ol  C^)  CM  lO  TT 

d  "*  —  ci  cJ  e>i  t-^ 

a 

(1^ 

o 

oo 

os—i 

o 

U5 

— ■  CO  cc  CM  O  CJ>  CO 

Oi  CM  -H  CO  •!f  —  CI 

oi 

o 
d 

oo 

o 

CO  OS  -^  -^  CO  CO  -« 
OSCSOOOO  — c» 

< 

o 

oo 

o 

W3COOiOI-I^O 

oodoo_d-ddd 

a 

s 

CU 

d 

oo 

o 

O  (-  CI  O  00  o  — 
^-  00  CJi  CI  00  O  Oi 

O-i 

o 

oo 
d-s< 

o 

oi  >— 1 00  o  oo -^  oo 

oo  t^  CO  ■-<  CO  U5  »-< 

Q-i 

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o 

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CO  —  »0  CO  M  «  ^ 

3 

g.5 

*°  "i 

IE 

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o 

O  O  O  O  O  C-J  OS 
CO  CO  CO  C)  CD  UO  lO 

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eu 

00 

in 

^3 

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lo  lo  o  115  o  r^  CO 
e-i  CO  CI  CO  CJ  " 

SS 

cu 

d 

•    ■      d    -oo 

&^ 

ooooouoo 

-^■-#1^10  0  0  10 
■*»-  CO  CO  CO  CI  CO  CO 

Losa  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

cu 

t^  C-1  ^  ^  S, '£:  f  O)  tD  CO  t^  oo 

d=D--»i'^og'^cMMOs«r^w3 
cccaNeocc»o=ocow».us<Ei» 

c.H  o 
< 

II 

mocoo^ooi-j-oooio^ 
oo-^Tj-iOcoocoC'.fi^'Moacn 

TjJcoifi'ij'-^rcococoeocoCJiM" 

u 

1 

^ 

0U5  0 

CO  Ci  00 

CIC'JCO 

CO 

oo         OOifl.OO^OO'£"WOOOO> 

oo      OM-— 'Oio—ioo-^'-'t^cr-io 

coco         t- ■•»<  t- t— !«  00  oo  00  Oi  (O  00  CO 

OOOOOO        lO  O        OO  O  O  O  C5  C3  o  o  o  o  o 
•         OOOOOO         OOO         OOOOOOOOOOOrf  O 

£           „"  „'  c-i'  ci"  f-f                    o  i^'  o'  oj'  ic  1^'  ic  lo  co'  oi"  o'  ci 

o 
oo" 

i^  r^  r~  I-  CO  --0  o  -^  o 

t-- -.=  c- J  ao_ -*'_^  <S  oD  c- 1_  S 

1 

a 

& 

1 

1 

t 

1 

1 

3 

,   1 

1 
1 

c 
a 

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C 

ct 

■ 

Section 
and  key 
letter. 

tl 

^ 

WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


137 


H 
fi 

O 
> 

z 

o 


< 


CO 

< 

M 
H 

O 
u 

CO 

3 


•0 
u 

3 

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3 


3  g 
>.  « 

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1. 
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0 

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0 

■<l"CO 

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o 

000s  Tf  coo 

r/3       CLi          ■ 

0         H 
00 

tOCOtN  00000 
<-H  C-1  00  00  t^  0 

0         ll 

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OD  -H  d  d  CO  w5 

3 

p-i 

0 

C-)  "*■  M  ^^  iO  C-^ 

OSUS  C^  -H<MCO 
—  CSl<NOJC>^ 

C 
3 
•-3 

cu 

0         H 

M3 

H 

■tj' r*  cv) -^  «o  c* 

^ 

s 

ai 

0 

d 

H 

oeo  10  toeoco 

SS23gS 

a       o 

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0         H 
CO 

0  Tt"  0  «D  C-1  CO 
to  0  •«• —t  CO  CO 

% 

s 

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0        "o-a        -C3                                """                                           -ir -Jtf -ir -i:  ~~ 

-^occc- 

Loss  uf 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

0 

OOC=-^»OiO-*U30 

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c)  oj  -r  t-  0  0  'a-  vo  10 

d  o  ca 

:^; 

1      ■* 

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o 

0 

1  - 

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CO  W  CO 

OS  0  0>  IC  --O  CD 

1     «S 

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0         COiO         CnCft                      C-liOtv^iOiOiOCSOOJ 

<M       CO  r~       ^Ht—                 CO  10  •-- 000  CD  c^_^-j'_iro_ 

.     .      .^                      oi  r~0»r;*CDo6'o'oio' 

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§ 

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1 

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compan 
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bottom 

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I  sill 


138 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


H 

D 
O 

2 
> 

z 

o 


1/5 


< 

H 

O 

U3 


•o 

u 

3 
C 

c 
o 
u 


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o    a 

1 

Ch 

> 

ClI 

CLJ 

1 

aJ 

TO 

oi 

Cui 

s 

a 

3 

■-5 

fc 

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s 

»o 

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&i 

o 

S3 

CM 

4 

oi 

■3 

i! 

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O        *J                       .... 

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o 

OOO 
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H 

o 

H         H              O         h        O 

II 

15 

P-I 

o 

H 

<    d 

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to  to  to 
Ph 

H 

o      o 

H         H              OHO 

5          S 

22S    S    S    S       3    S    S    S 

Oi  Cl  0>         O         OS        OS                O         Ol         Ol         Ci 

§3       S    3    § 

OS         C3                OS         <7>         0> 

Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

tOQOC* 

ea  <w  ea 

1                cicoc.      ^ 

to 

i 

^       to 

—  -*0000                OOOOOOC'                OOSO 

•g                ^coS                CO      o           CO      o      oo      ofo       S      -w           o      o      to 
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a 
1 

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II 

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> 

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K 
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1 
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> 

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c 
c 

c 

3 

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> 

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j 

p: 

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1 

o 

a 

n 

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S  s   1      i 
t  t  3      ; 
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■s"  5  "      - 
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;  2 
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1 

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c 
.; 

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El 

s 

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B 

M 

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tf 

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a 

WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


139 


Monthly  uho 
in  per  cent  of  oimunl  use. 

a 

o   : 

= 

00    J 

Z    :^"" 

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2S-- 

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la  —  o «~- —  =:  e      -^00      -T -^      (or-      u30io 
™~  — —  —  —  —      "^^      ^^      '^^      cir-»^ 

3 

cci<!-r;=iM  —  ;^       ococ       ccoo       ooo       aoo«; 

f^^cac  — --2 -?■;?•       r-—       f^rj       ^— ^       aO(^r^ 

S 

■OOSSCSO 

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140 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


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ta 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


141 


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p, 
c 

a 

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142 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


H 

§ 

S 


Vi 

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Loss  of 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


143 


1 

S    n 

P    1=1 
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144 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


U 
H 

>* 

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CO 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


-^        MOO     ■  O  O 


(M  O 


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146 


WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


s 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


147 


i 

a 
11 
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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


151 


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o-^o-^ooi-cior^— i 
coo-^OOo:ooco»raco 

>1 

w      r^iMiraira;ocooooc>5^ai-«— -r»  —  coo— lo  —  (MO 

CT>!M;OTt<f--HiO00CJCM 

cooot^oot^-^  — o-»-^ 

lO  ■<»■  rj.  C-l  Ol  u^  GO  o  o  .o 
—  t*Cl«5-.-t"00O— 'CO 

to 
d 

OcotOOSiOOOitOcor^ 
OO-^^H-^-^-MeMOCOCO 

o 

(S    a;     " 

USOJOSOO 

■^ 
■* 

oo 
b 

2 

CM 

t5>!OOOOOa=OCOC>10 

"•tf-Tj-r-ddio-^tod-v 

d 

«        o 

o> 

6 

d 

ooo— <ooo^csc^ai-H 
^r^oiincMcofocoiOQO 

e1 

<    a 

-J 
o 

H   H 

— .oo 
—  d 

'3 
O 

Q-i 

H 

H> 

&^ 

<3 

^ 

H    H 

—  CM 

tot— OOOlO— 'IMC0-J'i0iC0)O  —  <MCC>^i0<0t-~000SO         i:OI— CCOIO— 'C'JlTO-^m 

Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

Ph' 

lo  lo  r^  CO  o  »o  »o 

—  in  oo  t-  o  »-  d 
CN  CM  CI  M  •»■  eo  •* 

3:2 -a 

c  S  o 

^ 
^ 

1 

00  t^  O  »»  CO  lO  t^ 
CO  ca  ^  CO  CM  CM  CM 

n 

1 

ooor^io  — h~oooooo<o 

OJ^OO^C-IOCOtOa^OOOi—ISD 

< 

OOaO'OCOOOiOOiOiOOMfJOO 

0<o«3Cit-  —  ro— .crMracooo 
^D  lO*  lO*  iO  iO  »o'  -^'  'i'  lO'  lO'  irt  «"  »o 

a 

5 

i 

c 

4 

|1» 

WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


155 


i 

3  § 

s. 

^         00 

^ 

9.8 
12.8 
12.0 

0.7 

10.3 
4.8 

CO 

o 

■     1     -      ^r  T^  o  o  i  —  too  o^o 

z  Ic'      

CO 

o 

_j         Oa  O  ■*  O  t^  =S  :;=  =a  C3  ao  O 

o 

CO 

=. 
-^ 

»        t^  »  3C  t^  --=  -.i  =i  o  ^  »o  » 

o 
d 

_^         CS -^  W3  — •  OC  OO  OC  O  t^ -^ -« 

»      ocoooooaccic:  — cac^o 

o 
d 

3 

^         C^ -^  to  h- ^=1  Tf  W5  ^  Ci  OO  l>. 

^        Ocioo  —  C:0  —  CC  —  O  — 

H         H        O 
<M* 

2 

3 

— .  OO  Si  r- ac  ec -- lO  »0  <M  ■-»• 

w       cc  —  QO  cz  ^  I-- r^ -r  O  f  M 

H         H        O 

s 

^       «__._  —  —       —  —  -. 

d      r^ 

s.    |«      o-o«tCL-i— .-^— -  —  or- 

C3 

H          H         O 

=^       00  lO  o  c-J  o 

'-3 

c-i  ^:  —  =  o  o  ^  •rj 

H 

o 

5    "o 

s 

H 

■^•- 

H 

dt-3 

OCO 

'1 

C3 

3h" 

§5 

*n 

r^  t^ 

a 

dd 

■   ea 

H 

H 

oo 

MOO 

rt                                      c;  ca  O  O  C^  Ci  CTi  c;  :s  Ci  C»  35        Ci        cs        c»  d  ci  ci  cs  c:  c 

-^  r-  CO  ci  o           oo      oo 

LuHB  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

P.ct. 

to        f—        »« 
C-1        iO        o 

s 

—  ^  = 

!-§  = 

z  M 

§  =  §  =  -. 

— .  —  TJ  -1  ?» 

=    S    3g 

o 

■       1                                                   ^OOOOOCO         5S         CI         — 

m,.^                                  —  -ioccr—  ooao       O       O       C-3 

Ci 

g.4^ 

<--! 

o 

a 

i 

d 

1 
1 

:                     § 
h 

c 
( 

c 
^     C 

C 
t 

c 

■        =? 

c 
c 
C 

.— 

s 

a 

s 
■                               a 

:                       -a 
;                        Js 

1- 

i 

t 

z 

•Pa 

>* 

£^ 

^ 

=  s  = 


Hs  g 
*  -  s 


as 
-si 

nil 


•g  cc  S 
o  "S^  " 

>=    o   H 

■^23  _ 
a"r  »    . 


-Ho       t 


•Sa.a 


■a  =  g  3 


tS.£> 


156 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP 
TABLE   8. 


CALIFORNU. 


U 
H 

if) 

en 
O 
O 

2 
< 
> 

z 

o 


< 


< 
a; 

M 
H 

O 
u 


3 
C 

c 
o 
u 


Monthly  use 
in  per  cent  of  annual  use. 

s 

Q 

to 

d 

o 

9.6 
21.8 
13.1 
8.7 
8.9 

o 

OiOO 

i 
z 

(1. 

C-5 

d 

— -^rteoco 
r-|t>^odd 

o 

oo 
d 

1 

d 

t^l 

O 

CO 

■«j^dMt^t>^ 

d 

■'J'CO 

d-* 

1 

o 

oo 

o 

00 

lO  «  O  O  1^ 
CO  -!•  «  ci  -i 

o 

00 

LOO 

•a-oo 

3 

J.     ^ 

Q-i 

CO 

QCeo 
pod 

o 
oo 

OlCO^-^Tj. 

o 

r-o 

1 

O  t-  Cl  t^ 
OOlOt^cO 

o 

t^  CO  "*  i—  C-l 
«!  001^  CO  00 

o 

cid 

a 

p 

o 

«3  O  CI  O  -^  O 

QO  C.  -^  Cl  o 

tJ  ^  t-i  d  .^ 

o 

CO 

-r  c-T  t^  o  r^  — 

o 

C)  -^  C5  CO  CO 

dcot^-^« 

o 
d 

< 

C^l  C-.  »o  »^  'X> 

d 

Oa^i-iood 

o 
oo 

coto 

s 

T  -O  O  CN  O  0> 

o 

00 

Tf  &=•  CC  40  CO 

-^  CO  d  CC  M 
—1         —iCl 

o 

CO-1- 

co-^ 

^ 

[S 

o 

cu 

OCi  1*3^1 

cq 

o 

CO 

t^  00  Ci  UO  CO 

C-)  ^i  o  -*■  d 

o 
d 

CO 

d 

00 

d 

CO 

o 
d 

-yoocTion-* 
d  d  t^  lo  >o 

o 

■voo 

C3-H 

11 

-«:  n 

c 

1 

OCO         N 

»od 

c 
O 

^  " 

(^ 

CI»0         H 

E.S 

ai 

d 

o 

"^3 

or-       H 

dift 

^cu 

Loas  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

P.ct. 

C-l  0-,  .o  ■*  O  00 

.^oioddd 
•^.-i«co  ve^ 

^-00 

■3&S 

pi 

■8     -S 

C-.  =i  00  I^  W  CO 

o  o 

i 

o 

oo«owc-i?cc^ro       o 
c-i  ci  e^  ci  c^i  cj  ro      ci 

iO«)cj'»riO--0<M       eg 
ta  (M  CO  lo  o  r^  u3      CO 

CO  ci  M  Cl  C3  — ■  ci        cj 

»oco 

O  '^  CO  lO  OC  C-1  O:  07  lO  r-^  C^J  O        O  O  CO  <M  CI  cc  •-=  w  oo  e-i  C^J  o        o  -.o .-:  -^  -.=  M  — 

i 

2 

c 

c 

1 

CQ 

3 

1 

55 

.lis 

^S'S 


WATER  RESOURCES  OP   CAUFOENIA. 
TABLE  8. 


157 


O     3 

1 

od 

USO-H 

> 

o 

^       CO  rot-- 

QCI~.00 

•odd    - 

s 

^      T^-«■ro 

i--o^ 

oooood 

dca 

^=o^ 

3 
< 

«         cOQO-i 

a. 

t^d-^ 

•-s 

^         00t-0» 

toroo 

W0O3O 

dh-d 

i 

-3 

—  MO 

COWCi 

^         00U3«O 

4^      o— !m 

C-4C-3 

rooo 
oooot^ 

< 

^          C>4ClO 

CO!-- 

dd 

or-io 

oo 

~^ 

—iM— 1 

1  2   -^ 

COCO 

coca 

iFHd»H 

«QO 

^lOCO 

"3 
°    g 

o 

o 

o 

oo      o 

II  5 

"3  =; 

(NO         C»C1" 

o 

1 

d 

1.1 

do 

00 

d 

o 

1 

d 

o 

1 

C 

o 

eo 

>< 

COI-OOSOO 

S2^2  ^       ■ 

gS    2g?:    2       2       ges    g|    gggs 

cic»      cscscs      cs           d           CI                cso      C!3ici;» 

Loss  uf 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

*i         QC  —  O  :s  CC 
■^         CO  TT  C-)  C»  -H 

o 

—  3.  = 
< 

^ 

s 

5 

^       ci  ro  -rj  <M  ro 

—l-io      n 

<3   .  -d 

1      oiO":i 

3         —  ..•;  .O 
5         <MiOiO 

«o  i-o  u3      o          c>          r- 

coco       e=> 

s 

oo"_'  = 

a 

CO 

E 

C 

E 

1 
J 

c 

1 
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;     a 

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aC 

SQ 

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!i.H 

2S 

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4- 

S 

c 

9 

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■gQ 

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p 

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fc. 

■sag",. 

c  ^  ?  :/i  o 
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ca    _go~ 
5  g  gm5 

=  ■1^3  op 
^  —  ■^  ss 

= .  s  s  s.  s 

■^■^  ^  =1  o 
■3  J  B^l 

r-,  S  S  H 
Ei   =:   a 


go; 


a  ^  zt 


i^S  :;: 


~   C  — •  C5  -^  >o 

Cl     rt  „O0*~"  O 

tSc3--32 
■•3-£.M^-5_-- 


158 


H 

D 
O 

2 
> 

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o 


CO 

< 

Pi 
u 

H 

< 

b 
O 

U 

CO 

3 


V 

3 
S 


WATER  RESOURCES   OF   CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


•O  CC  Ol  <>3  WM 


t— »0  »0 -*  C^  lO 


_    .~.   ..^    .^   _■    1F->  oj 


-t  o:  f  o  CO  I— 


Id  ^iD  o=  cc  oo  h- 

o>  >o  W  O  ^^  t^ 
«-.  ^  CJ  (TJ  c^i  — • 


tp  >o  -^  o  o  — 
—  O  c-1  eo  O  CO 


O  O         C3  =i 


a.     —-^     -^-• 


t>T 'f         <0  l»- 00  Ol  O  •— ' 
0103         CiClCSClO.  Ol 


"  ^  a 
c  ■*  ffl 


o  o      o  o 


to  m  >A  >0  lO  us 


O  ^^  O  OV  CI  — 
c:;  C-1 1-  C3>  CJ  oo 

lO  in  CO  CO  eo  CO 


t^l— lO  i«  ^  lO 


c 

o 

o 


o  V  ■- 

•^-^  ^ 

CO   5  — 


S     -3 


o    S 


(3    "    o 


2      a     # 


5 

c 
B 


=       •^  s 


5-3 

Q 


S  Sd 

o  o 

►J  J 

o  ■  o 


5(5  g. 


"WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


159 


3 

'   1 

s  s 

Q 

Oh 

0 

0 

CO 

d 

CO 

d 

1 

ai 

00 

■*Ji  t>  «3  X>  Oq  t^ 

"*t^dd-^d 

0 

0 

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N  H  Nr^ 

CI 

0^ 

■^CKMcoCJ-HMrt" 

0 
■10 

■               CO 

H  W  H  H«: 

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3 

oi 

10 

ocoo:)c^coco»o»co-*'-x5 

lOOi-^CiOl^OOC-Jt^b-OO 

QO 

a 

H  H  H   HO 

0 
00 

(OiOCiCOCJC-lt-Ob-OlCOOO 

d 

■               CO 

H   H   H   H  tc 

a 

■=3 
•-3 

a. 

OOC-J'OlMiO^CO'S'OJiOCV 

(M 

H    H    H    Kt* 

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OOC-l-rPOOiM"^OiM-^aDt- 

C)O0i>ic-it^(Ooia;i(5ci<>i^ 

lO^— -C-)— c         —  —  C^I  —  CI— . 

Ci 

H  H   H   HOO 

0 
« 

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H  H   H      ■ 

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CO 

—  do 

■  C5 

00 

H  : 

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0 

a 

CL^ 

0 

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00000000     0 

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0  — 

ft. 

a 
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tS 

0-1 

00000000 

(M    >-l    C-S    Tj-    Tj<    Tjl    t}l 

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11 

Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

P-l 

0 
0 

OO0S'-'-it^--O00COi0C100 

-^foooooooioot^cou:) 
lOt-uaio-j-^coMcocccccc 

■CJ 

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■  CO 

c  _  a 
c  =  o 
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z 

1    S"S    ^ 

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fi 

to  Tf  0  c^  »o  0  ^^-^  —  CI  — -^-^  00      0 
iOtOi^'^00<O:OW3«ior.^-«'C-iTi-       ci 

0         000000 

-J-                     00  0  ^HCO-^  »0 

QO               0;  0  "*  -^"  »0  -(t- 

occ      OO  JO —■  1^?  o  i^ -:f  00  r^  o> -r  CO  o  o      o      ■*  i^      co           o           oo  o  tc -h  lo  o 

a 

if                       1 

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160 


WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


H 

c/3 
(Z) 

P 

o 


z 

o 


<; 
a; 

Ui 
H 

<: 

o 
u 
P 


3 

t 
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00 

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H   H 

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eor-o     ■ 

h  H  H 

■s.   -s 

H   H        --■        O              OOOO 
ci       r-^            CO  r-^  r~  i^ 

00  "3 

r-  —  oo 

^       ^         H  H   H 

HH        -*■        O              OOOO 

00        OO              r-j  d  CTi  3S 

•MOO 

QOC-.  r- 

•-a 

^         H   H   h 

Oh 

H   H        <M        O              OOOO 
O         O               CO  -H  CI  Ci 

•-^i 

^         N   H   H 

HH         OS         O                OOOO 

O         CO                CO  —■  lO  lO 
<M         CI                _  --1  _  _H 

03C0 

UiC^Ui 

COTJH  ^      - 

N 

NH         T         O                OOOO 
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c;:7aoir;onn       O       d            crtaicio*       CDCici       cioci       cir^cs       Oi  :r^  :t^  ^.  ^j 

Loss  of 

di- 
verted 
water 
in  con- 
vey- 
ance. 

- 

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CO 

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M         OICOOOO^OO         CI         CO               C-q-MOSOJ         —iiO                COC^-T'         ^OiO         OOtOCOCO 

a 
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6 

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B  = 

a 

3 

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1 
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1 

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1 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OF   CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


161 


a 

s 
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2  = 

3  C 
^^ 

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nr.222  : 

M  t-  oo 

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Or-ocr^  — 

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0000  — 

c 

00=    s  3=iS  g-   . 

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5    1 

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c*  —  ?e  0  f 

=  2g32 

=!  0O<M0O 

000     r^  £^"H.=  =«i 

ll 

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TABLE   8. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


u 

H 
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Ui 
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WATER   RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE  8. 


167 


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TABLE   8. 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   8. 


169 


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TABLE  9. 


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WATER 


RESOURCES 
TABLE 


OF    CALIFORNIA. 
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WATER  RESOURCES   OP    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE   10. 


187 


c 
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3 


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to    ^ 

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188 


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3 
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U5 


w       S 


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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE    11.    * 


S       ^ 


'XJ^^l'SiCT'OitSO- 


I'^  QO  CO  C^  ^>1^^  T 


e^  fO  CI  ^  g-1  C-l  CI  —  T 


oo-^  >o  fj  - 


s  o  g  o 


•o;>Ti-*-oaoc<ciooro 

CI  O  ^^  O  CO  -f  CI  '^  C4 

O  O  C3  O  t^  cs  oo  o 


osirar— focoooooi 


_  _i  i:\)  —  —  ec^rci 


Oi  CI  'J-  C  O  O  ■- 


o  o  o  o  o  o  o 


o  o  o  oo  o  o 


O  OOP  oo  o 


C5  !=  CDO  OOOOl 


oo  O  C3  O  OOOO' 


-  CO  lo  lo 
1  rot-  C~ 

!Tr.  oooooo- 


5  o  o  s  o  o    I   o  : 


:-  c  o  c  o  1 


3  O  — '  "•  O  -»•  ' 

!:  s  o  o  o  o  : 


oo  —  ocoo-^    I   oc:c;oO"c; 

O  O  O  ;^  QCS'SOO     I     O^OOOOOO     I     ~3~C   —   ^~ 


-r  -j3  C-1  o  f-;  tiJ  !•-  -o  ro 
ooogsocsooo 


WH 

fr: 

l:^ 

H 

c; 

Cc! 

Ch 

>; 

w 

-s;  t  Q 


o^ooiooi^-r  —  cc 

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O  ■— I         lO  00  ai  00  -^ 


-a, 2 
c  c 
«  o 


"■3 


S.-2< 


cgcj  CI  CJ  o 


ICOOS-fOO'-OOOOO 


o  en  C4  CI  1^ 


1  IfS  to  IQ  IQ  Tf  to  If 


IQ  IQ  IQ  '-O  iQ  'O  IQ  •' 


f  <T^ '-o  tn  o 


■3  CO  OS  C)  C 

-  0?  f—  r^  *-■ 


t^DOl  t"0  '■ 


I  (TO  t—  »0  'T' 

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ro  ^  --CIO  -1-  c^  c 

C3  OOOO  O  - 


I"  c^  c-  ^-  ^^ 


■5  XI  t—  '-C  lO  c 


rocioooooo<o«ooo 
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p;  iC  oo  C^  t^  CI  -H  i_ 

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CM 


^  oX}  a^  o  S^  a 
^,  tJ  &-  Ci:  -/:  CC  ^ 


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so:  OOiO  CO 


OiO  OO  -^  lO 

CO  o  C)  CI  c- 


tTi  ^lOO  o  o  o 


oo  OOOO  c 


lO  o  — <  oo  o 


»•<»<—■  r—'Tf 


CI  oo  C  CO  C-Zl 


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o  o  o  o  o 


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=S  C)  o  o  — 

o  c  o  oo 


cj  cj  lo  a;  m  CO  O 

m  rvi  if^  r^  ir^  to  ?n 


CO  O  O  '■"  O 


I  u;  ij-  u;  CO  i. 


O  O  OO  o 


OC    I    coo. 


CO 


e.2  S  S  S:ST 


1S1  = 


>  ^  S  o-S 

c'o  I  S  ? 


lO  ^H  "iji  Oi  CO  OS     I    OS  ■^ 

osoiaaoioaa    I  cq^o 

fMCJClCOCJCq     I    CJ  CJ 


CO  OO  t^  O  CQ  lO  00 


f  OS  »o  CO  ITS  oo 

3CJ  — 'O  OCO 


-•OOOSOOCI  o 


ro  c^  C 


1  CI  CJ  IM  1^ 


tc  to  'O  r^  t-~  r^  Xi 


ci  cj  O  ^-  to  r^  t- 


lO  ■—>  Ol  4^  O) 


-^'T  CI  ™  - 


O  ij  40  o 
CO  lO  lO  >o 

OS  -H  O  CM 
OOOO  CJ 


oo  lO  o  0>  CI 


oi-- uo>oo;ooor 
-oor- 


IQ  IQ  tf?  O  to  to  n 


-  toi^r— r- CO 


3  Xi  to  r—  r—  r^  t: 


— .  —  QO  CO  OS  ^  ;js 


-  lO  CO  OS  ^  CO  "O    I    o  —  to 


OOl'-QOCJOOOiO-.^'O 


Tp  C4  00*0 

CI  CI  OS  oo 


J«  to  to  to    1  to  to  tx 


^Tf  ocjr^      — oo 


to  to  O  -^  oo  t-  lO     I 


o  oo  oo  r-  -^  CO  ^*    I 

■T}-  CI  O  O  •— •  t^  Oi 

to  tC'  to  to  CO  to  to    I 


to  to 

CO  "^f 


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-rj-  to  CO  CO  CO  -^  CO 

□o  o'l  cr  00  oo  00  oo 


O  "^  C)  O  W  C4  O)     I 
— ■dCSOOsoO  — 

OS  OS  en  OS  oo  oo  OS  ' 


CO  ;o  to  CQ  CO  oo  oo  I 

CO  CO  OS  CI  OS  oo  CO  I 

OS  cs  oo  OS  00  oo  OS  . 

OS  O  CJ  >0  CJ  O  CO  J 

to  oo -^  CI  •*  CO  t—  , 

or>  00  cT)  5n  oo  oo  oo  i 


to  to 
oo»o 


C^  O 


CO  ■^  "-•  CO  CJO  CO  CI 

— <  CI  OS  o  o  t--  — 
r^  r—  --0  CO  CO  CO  t— 

CI  O  C^  CO  ■*  -*<  CO 

■^  to  C^  CI  CO  O  CO     I 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE    11. 


189 


S  s 


I 


■Ji;;:c    ■   t—T^c^aC'r^ifcsd 


r^  OC  OC  C  »! 


-  c;  "^  =  oc  ^lO 


SCO      fSMoo-^ossoe 


■   cc  ^  3o  z;  oc 


=•1  —  c  o    I 


ocaot— c^    1 


r~  --:;  oc  x. 


—  —  :^  =^ 


ri  —  t.-  —      7^  r^  -1  ■ 


I   ;^  o  re  f- cr:  cs  d  T-       ce  O       eccs  — 0»0cc; 
iwsit^t— ex's-— cs       eo-w       CN»c;0(MCs=s?_ 


ID 


CD 


00 


<T) 


--^—    IsMCMC^      -reOjrjM        C^fM      -C>»|eMC^ 


u;  —  ro  -oo  I  — ooM  —  cj«ao-; 


■  CMOO 


::  o  ci  to  I  i~  cs  i~  -  oc  ■ 


I  O  «  :Sr-  I  c^  cs  :^ 
ic  r~  i^  '  :^  r)  oc 

I  C^  =  3C  U5  1  C^  t:5  ^r- 


=  x-r-~-^  —  3C=; 


I  O  re  oc  o   ?)  —  -^ 


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I  c: -r  ?^  — -- C:  ac  i« 


-  r-r  ^^   :c>  ;  1-e  r 


t-  r-   ao 


Mis  '  c;  -  —  re 
r-  3C   —  -  i^cc 


1  r--oo   t—  ■  t:^  ^> 


I  r-*  act—  —  ;  0» 


■  re^J" 


I  ci^reooc^i^ci 
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ci  —  I  -r  ^   oo 


T  '^  T-  iC  30  ~ 
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I— M5 


■  Ci  ■  =:;  ^1  C:  C 


—  I  ?* 


I  la  ^  oc  s  ']  ^  f )  I— 
I  M  —  —  1--  !  ».e  4g  -y 
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I  o  —  O  ci  ;^  c^t—T 


-  O  [  u5«  or 


.:£»je-^r-.3c   ;c:2-rr  ■  —  - 


190 


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03 


WATER  RESOURCES  OP   CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE    11. 


^  a 


o  = 


Pi 

SI 


CC  lO  «3  1— 


-J  e^  fo-i'  -^ 


o  o  — o— -c 


o  000000 


2  O  00  O  O 
30  O  000 


O  O  'O  O  C3  00 


-^000 
0000 


1    T-  ..-S  C 


0000 


r— o*  ^c5»o 


Oi  OiO  o 


3  rt «,  ^ 


COf^  o 


-H  aDco 


I-  ^3  O 
M  01— 


00  tJ^Ct 


00  00  00 


o  o  o-  o  000 


O  OOOOiOO 


to  0*0 

MfO  o 


000 

OQiO 


1  -1"  (M  10  -rf  O 


■)  Ot'  Oi  OV  00  lO  - 


■-0  o  t- 
«!»■  CO  e^  c^  -f  -^ 


CM  CO  -^ 
COfMIM 


CM 


^■1 


-1 1— I  o-i  — <  CO  »-i 


-  * 


oooo<oooo 


1  (M 

00 


D  00  O  O  00 
3  C)  O  CD  00  O 


00 

o  o 


—  0000000c 

O  O  O  C3  O  O  O  OC 


}■  -1  -*■  CO  - 

O  C-1  CO  Tf<  ^ 
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00000 


-MOO— -oooo- 


000 

»0  01  C-l  CO  C-J  CM  C^l  C")  CO  c^ 


•O  »-0  OS  CO  c 


^"^eoiococo'^'^ 


COT 

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OO'fOtD0t^--ii 

m'^i^oooco'0<0l0^ 


CO 


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O  03     •     •  gi     -'5     -; 


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COOIM  C 


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■n  »ra  'O  to  10  ifti  utt 

:c5  00  CO  CO  O  T  (O 


lOCO'^ 

00000 
00  00 1— 
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■J  CO  t^i^  CO  CO 


5t~l-~000»'50l^O'* 
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■  o-*QO»o  TjH  o  ^ 


-ooiiocsiCMOicOTrr 


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■■^tO^lO'— "O-^-^CO 

.  ^  to  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  O  CO 

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■  ■t-co-j'tocnTj'iMoe] 


00  CO  O 

000 


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co  —"O 
t-^OOO 


r;  O  •— '  O  03  >o  o 


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to  ^~-  CO  to  CO  CO  CO 

■—  o  c-1  o  00  - 

C-1 1^  I--  10  't*  C*l  in 

CO  O  CD  CO  CO  CO  as 

r^-  00 1^  CO 

0000  C-l 

CO  CO  10  CO 


-  -^  CO  CO  CI  r-  c 
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r-  cj  00  o  CO 

-co-*  —  -*• 


3  «  CI 

■3  CO  CO 


D  CO  CO  CO  00 


I   irt  1/5  >o  >n  >o  »f 


3  CO  CO  lO  »f< 

1  ira  .IP  tn  >o 
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I  CI  CO  f--  c" 

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-  r».  t-- 1--  (--  r-  r 

f  ^  10  oi  00  01  CJ  I— 


^cocooooooooc 


Gnt^coco»-i'"tiooicj 


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rj-  CO  ■*  CO 

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WATER   RESOURCES   OF    CALIFORNIA. 
TABLE    11. 


191 


w 


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O 

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Q 

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—  —  rj  — —  —  (M'-l- 

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INDEX. 


Page 

Agricultural  area  and  net  cUuy  of 

water — Table     1 28,  29 

Agricu  tural  land — 

Antelope      Valley      and      Mojave 

River    areas 29.  38 

Delta     lands    of     San     Joatiuin 

and  Sacramento  valleys 29,  58 

Imperial,     Coachella    and     Palo 

Verde     valleys.- 29   36 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens     and     Mono 

valleys    29,  39 

Los  Angeles  area 29,  32 

North     coa.st     area 29,  65 

Northeastern      mountaln-val'.ey 

and    plateau    areas 29,  66 

Sacramento     Valley     floor 29.  60 

Salinas  and   contiguous  valleys.     29,  54 

San     Diego    area 29,  34 

San   Joaquin   Valley   floor 29,  43 

Santa     Barbara,     Santa     Maria 

and   San    Luis   Obispo   areas--     29,  52 
Santa    Clara    and    adjaci-nt    val- 
ley    areas 29,  55 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east   and   south   of   San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor --__      29,  41 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 29,  63 

Western    s'ope    of    southern    San 

Joaquin     Valley-- 29,51 

Agricultural  lands — general 11,  29 

Imperial.    Antelope    and    Victor 

valleys     12 

North  and  south  of  Lake  Tahoe  12 

Pacific    slope    valleys 12 

Sacramento     and     San     Joaquin 

valleys    11 

South   of  Tehachapi   Pass 12 

Alkali  lands — 

Owens     Valley 40 

Sacramento      Valley -_ 61 

San     Joaquin     Valley 45 

Alphabetical     index     to     irrigation 
systems  listed  in  tables  8  and 

9  on  use  of  water — Table   6 27,  92 

Antelope  Valley  and  Mojave   Riv- 
er   areas — Section    4 38 

Application    of    irrigation    water 24,  73 

Climate — 

Antelope     Valley     and      Mojave 

River     areas 38 

Delta  lands  of  San  Joaquin  and 

Sacramento     valleys 59 

Imperial,     Coachella     and     Palo 

Verde     valleys 37 

Inyo-Kern,      Owens     and     Mono 

valleys    40 

Los   Angeles   area 33 

North    coast    area 65 

Northeastern       mduntain-valley 

and    plateau    areas 67 

Sacramento    Valley     floor 61 

Salinas    and    contiguous    valleys  54 

13—20273 


Sa>n    Diego    area 

San    Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Maria 
and  San  Luis  Obispo  areas 

Santa  Clara  and  adjacent  val- 
ley     areas 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  south  of  San 
Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 

Western    slope   of   southern    San 

Joaquin     Valley 

Climatology     " '  _" 

Conservation  of  irrigation  water- 
general      

Sacramento    Valley 

Crops — general      

Crops — 

Antelope      Valley     and     Mojave 

River      areas 

Delta  lands  of  San  Joaquin  and 

Sacramento     valleys 

Imperial,     Coachella    and     Palo 

Verde      valleys 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens     and     Mono 

valleys    

Los    Angeles    area 

North  coast  area 

Northeastern       mlountain-valley 

and    plateau    areas 

Sacramento     Valley     floor 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys- 

San    Diego    area 

San    Joaquin    Valley   floor 

Santa     Barbara.     Santa     Maria 

and  San  Luis  Obispo   areas 

Santa  Clara  and  adjcent   valley 

areas     

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east   and   south   of   San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 

Western  slope  of  southern  San 
Joaquin     Valley 


Page 

35 
45 

53 

56 


64 

51 

15 

73 

75 
12 


38 

59' 

37 

40 
32 
66 

67 
61 
54 
35 
46 

53 

57 

42 

64 
52 
73 


Deficiencies  of  irrigation  supply 

Average  deficiency  in  irrigation 

supply — Plate    II    74 

Delta    lands    of    San    Joaquin    and 
Sacramento    valleys — Section 

12     58 

Desirable    monthly    distribution    of 

annual    supply — Table    2 30,  31 

Development    of   agricultural   com- 
munities        69 

Development  of  irrigation 

Sacramento    Valley 62 

San     Joaquin    Valley 48 

Duty  of  water — 

Antelope     Valley     and     Mojave 

River     areas 29,  31,  39 


194 


INDEX. 


Delta     lands     of     San     Joatiuin 

anil    Sacramento    valleys 29. 

Imperial.    Coachella    and    Palo 

Verde      valleys 29. 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens    and    Mono 

valleys    29. 

Lns    Angeles   area 29. 

North    coast    area -29, 

Northeastern      mountain-valley 

and   plateau   areas 29. 

Sacramento   Valley    floor 29. 

Salinas    and    contiguous    val 

leys     


-29. 
-29. 


San    Diego    area 

San  Joaquin  Valley  floor 29, 

Santa    Barbara,     Santa    Maria 

and  San  Luis  Obispo  areas— 29, 
Santa  Clara  and  adjacent  val- 
ley    areas 2.. 

Sierra        foothills       and       rolling 
plains  east  and  south  of  San 

.Toaquin    Valley    floor 29, 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 29. 

Western  slope  of  southern  San 

Joaquin     Valley 29, 

Duty    of    water    for    irrigation 

Expansion      of      Agricultural      In- 
dustry— Plate     I-_ 


Page  1 

31. 

59 

31, 

38 

31. 

40 

11 

Si 
66 

31, 

31, 

67 

31. 

62 

31 

55 

31 

35 

31 

49 

31 

53 

31 

57 

31 

42 

Page 
Sierra       foothills      and      rolling 
plains  east   and   south   of   San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 41 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 63 

Western    slope    of   southern    San 

Joaquin     V<alley __ —  61 

Irrigation    i-equirements    of     agri- 
cultural    lands 21,  26,  29,  31 

Irrigation     use _---     25,  31 

Isohvetose     map     of     California — 

Plate     IV IT 


Land  unsuited  for   agriculture 

Los  Angeles  area — Section    1 

Losses    of    water 


31,  65 


Frost-free    period- 


Gross   duty   of   water 23,  27,  1 

Illustrative  climatological  data 
for  agricultural  lands — ^Ta- 
ble   11 

Illustrative  climatology  of  agri- 
cultural lands — Plate  III 

Imperial.       Coachella       and      Palo 

Verde    valleys — Section    3 

Imperial    Valley    areas 

Index  by  sections  and  key  let- 
ters on  map,  Plate  V— Ta- 
ble     7 __ 

Indices    of    wetness 

Inyo-Kern,  Owens  and  Mono 
valleys — Section     5 

Irrigated  land — 

Antelope    Valley    and    Mojave 

River    areas 

Delta    lands    of     San     Joaquin 

and    Sacramento    valleys 

Imperial.     Coachella     and     Palo 

Verde     valleys — — 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens     and     Mono 

valleys    

Los    Angeles    area — 

North    coast    area 

Northeastern       mountain-valley 

and  plateau   areas 

Sacramento   Valley   floor — — 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys- 

San   Diego   area 

San    Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Santa     Barbara.      Santa     Maria 

and   San  Luis   Obispo  areas — 
Santa    Clara    and    adjacent    val- 
ley     areas 


31 

52 

20 

22 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17. 

170 

30. 

188 

15 

,16 

36 

12 

27, 

102 

18 

39 


38 

58 

36 

39 
32 
65 

66 
60 
54 

34 
43 

52 

55 


Map  of  agricultural  areas  and 
duty  of  water  sections — 
Plate    V 

Moisture      requirements 

Monthly    irrigation    demand 

Monthly  use  of  ajnnual  irriga- 
tion  supply — Plate   VII 

Monthly  use  of  water — 

Antelope     Valley      and     Mojave 

River     areas 

Delta     lands     of     San     Joaquin 

and    Sacramento    valleys 

Imperial,     Coachella    and    Palo 

Verde      valleys 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens     and     Mono 

valleys    

Los   Angeles   area 

North    coast    area 

Northeastern       mountain-valley 

and    plateau    areas 

Sacramento   Valley    floor 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys- 

San    Diego  area 

San    Joaquin   Valley   floor 

Santa     Barbara,      Santa     Maria 
and   San   Luis  Obispo   areas — 
Santa    Clara    and    adjacent    val- 
ley    areas — __ 

Sierra      foothills      and      rolling 
plains  east   and   south  of   San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento  Valley    floor 

Western   slope   of   southern   San 

Joaquin     Valley 

Mountainous    area 


70 
32 
21 


11,  16 

20,  24 

24 

30,  74 

31,  39 

31,  60 

31,  3S 

31,  41 
31,  34 
31,  66 

31,  68 
31,  63 
31,  55 
31,  35 
31,  51 

31,  53 

31,  58 

31,  43 

31,  65 

31,  52 
11 


Net  area  irrigated  in  large  agri- 
cultural     districts 69, 

Net   duty   of   water 23,  26, 

Net  use  of  water  as  measured 
and  proposed  on  various  sys- 
tems— Plate    VI — 

North  coast  area — Section    15 

Nortlieastern  mountain-valley  and 
plateau    areas — Section    16 

Percolation     losses — 21, 

Plant      requirements 20, 

Portion  of  agricultural  areas  that 
require      a      water      supply — 

Table     3 _- 

Precipitation     —  1^,  18, 


22 
21 


INDEX. 


195 


Page 
Precipitation    data    used    in    con- 
structing     isohyetose      map — 

Table     4 -—      IS-  '?6 

Precipitation  stations  used  in  con- 
structing isohyetose  map — 
Table     5 — —      IS.  8S 

Rainfall — 

Antelope    Valley    and     Jlojave 

River    areas 28 

Delta  lands  of  San  Joaquin  and 

Sacramento    valleys 59 

Imperial,     Coachella     and     Palo 

Verde    valleys 37 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens    and    Mono 

valleys *" 

Los   Angeles   area 32 

Xorth    coast    area 65 

Xortheastern        mountain-valley 

and    plateau    areas — 67 

Sacramento    Valley    floor 61 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys-  .         54 

San   Diego   area 34 

San    Joaquin    Valley   floor 45 

Santa     Barbara,      Santa     Maria 

and   San   Luis  Obispo  areas —  53 
Santa    Clara   and  adjacent   val- 
ley   areas 56 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  south  of  San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor —  42 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento  Valley   floor 64 

Western    slope   of   southern    San 

Joaquin     Valley 52 

Rainfall    of    California-  — __ 17,  18,  19 

Requirements  of  plants 20 

Rice     irrigation 62 

Sacramento      and      San      Joaquin 

Valley     areas 11 

Sacramento    Vallev    floor — Section 

13     — 60 

Salinas   and   contiguous   valleys — 

Section      10 54 

San    Diego    area — Section    2 — —  34 

San  Joaquin  Valley  floor — Sec- 
tion     7 43 

Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Maria  and 
San  Luis  Obispo  areas — Sec- 
tion     9 52 

Santa    Clara   and   adjacent   valley 

areas — Section    11 55 

Seepage    losses — —  21 

Settlement   of    agricultural    land —  69 

Shortage   of  water   in   Sacramento 

Valley    ''^ 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling  plains 
east  and  south  of  San  Joa- 
quin  Valley   floor — Section   6_  41 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling  plains 
east  and  west  of  Sacramento 
Valley    floor — Section    14 63 

Soil      moisture 21 

Soils — 

Antelope     Valley     and     Mojave 

River  areas 38 

Delta  lands  of  San  Joaquin  and 

Sacramento    valleys 58 


Page 


Imperial.     Coachella    and    Palo 

Verde     valleys 

Inyo-Kern,     Owens     and     Mono 

valleys      

Los   Angeles   area 

Xorth    coast    area 

Xortheastern       mountain    -    valley 

and    plateau    areas__ 

Sacramento   Valley   floor 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys- 

San   Diego   area 

San    Joaquin   Valley   floor 

Santa    Barbara,     Santa    Maria 
and   San  Luis  Obispo  areas — 
Santa   Clara   and   adjacent  val- 
ley    areas 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  south  of  San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento  Valley   floor 

Western   slope   of    southern    San 

Joaquin    Valley 51 

Summary'  of  use  and  duty  of  wa- 
ter—Table    10— 28.  184 


36 

40 
33 
65 

67 
61 
54 
34 

44 


55 


41 


64 


Transportation — 

-\ntelope     Valley    and     Mojave 

River     areas 

Delta    lands    of     San     Joaquin 

and    Sacramento   valleys 

Imperial,     Coachella     and     Pa'.o 

Verde     valleys — 

Inyo-Kern.  Owens  and  Mono 

valleys      

Los   -Angeles   area 

Xorth    coast    area 

Xortheastern       mountain-valley 

and    plateau    areas 

Sacramento  Valley   floor 

Salinas      and      contiguous      val- 
leys      

San    Diego    area 

San    Joaquin   Valley   floor 

Santa   Clara    and   adjacent   val- 
ley     areas 

Sierra       foothills      and      rolling 
plains  east   and  south  of  San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 

Sierra       foothills      and      rolling 
plains   east   and   west   of  Sac- 

rameT:to   Valley    floor 

TTestern   slope   of   southern    San 
Joaquin    Valley 


39 
59 


40 
33 
66 

67 
61 

54 
35 
46 

56 


42 


64 


Underground   waters — 

Antelope     Valley     and    Mojave 

River     areas 

Inyo-Kern     Valley 

Los    Angeles   area 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys. 

San    Joaquin    Valley 

Santa    Clara    and    adjacent   val- 
leys       

Western    slope    of    the    southern 

San    Joaquin   Valley 

Use    of    irrigation   water 25.  31.  11 

Use  of  water  as  measured  on  var- 
ious   sj'Stems — Table    8 26,  117 

Use     of    water     as     proposed     for 

various    localities — Table    9—  28,  170 


52 
.170 


196 


INDEX. 


Page 
Waterlogging    of    irrigated    lands 

Imperial  and  Palo  Verde  valleys  36 

San    Joaquin    Valley 47 

Water      requirements 20,  24,  70 

Water    Supply — 

Antelope     Valley     and     Mojave 

River     areas 38 

Delta  lands  ot  San  Joaquin  and 

Sacramento     valleys 59 

Imperial,     Coachella     and     Palo 

Verde    valleys 37 

Inyo-Kern,   Owens  and  Mono 

valleys    40 

Los    Angeles    area 33 

North    coast    area 66 

Northeastern        mountain    -   valley 

and    plateau    areas 67 


Page 

Sacramento    Valley    floor 62 

Salinas  and  contiguous  valleys.  54 

San    Diego     area 35 

San    Joaquin    Valley   floor 43.  46 

Santa     Barbara,     Santa     Maria 

and   San   Luis   Obispo   areas 53 

Santa  Clara  and  adjacent  val- 
ley    areas 57 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east   and   south   of   San 

Joaquin    Valley    floor 42 

Sierra  foothills  and  rolling 
plains  east  and  west  of  Sac- 
ramento   Valley    floor 64 

Western    slope   of    southern    San 

Joaquin     Valley 51 

Western     slope     of    southern     San 

Joaquin    Valley — Section    S 51 


Plate  m 

y- AHKIL               NOVEMBER                        DECEMBER 

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196 


Waterlc 
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San 

Water 

Water 
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Plate  VI 


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CHAPTER  889-1921  STATUTES 


SCIENCES 


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Plate  VI 

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K  CHAPTER  889-1921  STATUTES 


SEC 
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VENTURA      MONTALVO      SATICOV      SANTA  PAULA      SANTA  CLARA   RIVER  VALLEV      RLLMORE      SAN  FERNANDO     SANTA  MONICA      GARDENA 


SAN  GABRIEL 


WHITTIER 


PUENTE       COVINA 


AZUSA      GLENDORA     CLAREMONT 


POMONA      CHINO     ONTARIO     CUCAMONGA       FONTANA      SAN  BERNARDINO       REOLANDS 


CORONA    ORANGE    ANAHEIM     SANTA  ANA 


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SECTION  2 

SAN  DIEGO  AREA.  MEXICAN  BOUNDARY  TO  SAN  JACINTO  AND  YUCAIPA 


(A)    (B)      C)        (6) 


EL  CENTRO 


HOLTVILLE 


PALMDALE                  VICTORVILLE 

®<D©           ®       1 

.III            1      1             1       1 

111      If      ;    1 

~'—    ' 



._. — 

1    II   1 

1 

W  iiiiii  i 

SECTION  A 
ANTELOPE  VALLEY  AND 
MOJAVE  RIVER  AREAS 

OAKOALE          LINDSAY      TERRA  BEL1_A         _| 

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t     1 
1     { 

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I      i    i    ; 

If 
I    If         ' 

3 

1 

1 

1 

SECTION  6 
SIERRA  FOOTHILLS  AND  ROLLING  PLAINS  EAST 
AND  SOUTH  OF  SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY  FLOOR 

NEARBY  TOWN:  SHOWS  APPROXIMATE  LOCAUTY 

® " ■<s> 

1 

' 

\- 

111 

..      .•imff.-!:tn!:r.vr^-~. 

1 
1 

5 

s 

NET  USE  OF  WATER 

AS   MEASURED    AND    PROPOSED 

ON  VARIOUS  SYSTEMS 


OF   ENGINeeRING   AND   IRRIGATON 


IC)£NC£S 

ynHrn 


n 


LODI     KNIGHTSEN       TRACY 


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.(C) 


(D) 


MANTECA       MODESTO    PATTERSON    TURLOCK    LIVINGSTON    MERCED 


MENDOTA       MADERA        FRESNO 


ALPAUGH  WASCO 


BAKERSFIELD 


(F)     i: 


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SECTION  7 
SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY  FLOOR 


WEST  SLC 
SAN  JC 


CLARKSBURG    ISLETON    HOLT 


^J 


I 


«.20 


SECTION  12 

DELTA  LANDS  OF  SAN  JOAQUIN 

AND  SACRAMENTO  RIVERS 


REDDING        TEHAMA        VINA 


ORLAND      WILLOWS    GRIDLEY    MARYSVILLE        CHICO 


WILLOWS 


COLUSA     MARYSVILLE 


SACRAMENTO     WOODLAND      DIXON         SUISUN 


i(A)       i® 


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5? 


5° 


"9 


3E 


1° 


SECTION   13 
SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  FLOOR 


MAXWELL 

OLINDA   PARADISE     OROVI 

®   ® 

© 

@ 

<^ 

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D 

z)             M 

1 

i 

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1;        55    *?    i    ^i 

r 

SIERRA  FOO 

MENDOTA    COALINGA 

(A)              ("£) 

4 

i                                 4 

ii 

1 

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r 

1 

5 

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a                     z 

<0                         -1                                   1 

ID                                        1 

SECTION  8 

WEST  SLOPE  OF  SOUTHERN 

SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY 

S.MARIA 

a  BARBARA            | 

®® 

©t 

® 

• 

i 

y 

1 

u 

S 

1 

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J 

I 

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t 

5      I 

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s    s 

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010. 

Qy^ 

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CO 

SECTION  9 

SANTA  BARBARA.  SANTA  MARIA 

AND  SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  AREAS 

SALINAS 

^a)    (bi 

2 

11 

d 
o 

I        5 

M           < 
uz         z 

clq;          < 

SECTION  to 

LOWER  SALINAS 

VALLEY 

NILES          SAN  JOSE          GILROY  | 

('At                fRi                      ^n^/^ 

;, 

^^-i            IS"              ii'S'ib/  1 

r: 

_, 

ji 

1 

0 

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, 

— 

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o«:     ?;     u«-     »      5     <        u        ;? 
S"    S     <f    8     3    5       <       g| 

3l     i     Is     i     1    3       1       3£ 

SECTION  11 

SANTA  CLARA  AND  ADJACENT 

VALLEY  AREAS 

NEARBY  TOWN:  SHOWS  APPROXIMATE  LOCALITY       1 

,^,™„,.™. ^. 

^ 

^ 

o 

'      1      1 

1 

1 

fill 

•     if  1 

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V, 

- 



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.'^'i2*P_E-",EiSUf.M  NET  USE.  _  _  _ 

2 

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^ 

Plate  VI 


PROPOSED  USE 


HEIGHT  or  BAR  INDICATES  AMOUNT  Or  NET  MEASURED  OR  PR0i>03E0  USE 

WIDTH  OF  BAR  INDICATES  ACREAGE  REPRESENTED  BV  MEASUREMENT  OR  PROPOSAL 

AVERAGE  NET  MEASURED  USECOMPUTED,  WEIGHTING  EACH  USE  BY  THE  ACREAGE  IT  REPRESENTS 


NET  USE  OF  WATER 

AS   MEASURED    AND    PROPOSED 

ON   VARIOUS  SYSTEMS 

STATE  DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 

DIVISION    OF    ENGINEERING    AND    IRRIGATION 

CAUFORNIA  WATER  RESOURCES  INVESTIGATION 


LEGEND 


.INDA   PARADISE     OROVILLE           HONCUT            NEVADA  CITY         MARYSVILLE                AUBURN                    PLACERVILLE          '            FAIROAKS          FOLSOM           | 

@    !  D      ©  ©         ®     '.       (D        Q)     ®     i®l®       @ 

/rt\ 

(f 

3^                   CCL 

^ 

<9) 

V      i^         vy      i  ^     1 

II 

I                  i 

i 

-.                        "           ;     1                              1 

i.  1   Ii 

;        11 

^3 

1  J    __ 

if>i 

IJ} 

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?            i|       L  i       Mi      ?                       1 

i      1 

ii      ?   1  i. 

«o 

1    ^  .         ir° 

II                        -                5 

ill                     : 

in    «  n 

If 

-'           1      -:                        ££££££}         £ 

££                £   ,      £ 

2  Ji      1                      i 

■^      2^1. 

U 

I  1 

o        :°      '— '■ 

£ 

^i     1 

i  J 

2                                                   ■ 

i 



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i 

«         1              .1 

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— 

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-" 



1. 

- 

1 

11^ 

II 

]_ 

,,.SS.5       5s|       ,       5;S                 fsssij       pisjig                  1        ill       |5         1        5         J3        i                -.S       111115        1        ?        1        IS                   ||         |        E        fs        S        |        |;i           s 

"i               ^           i       S              S         d          ^      z                I     "i          i                  8    8          8?                       8     ^     §       0     M 

i    M  MM     J    1  M  i  nH8  i  M    io   f  i    n  i  i  hH     i   Ulk 

lill  1         Ml!  Li  ill   i   Unl  U  i  Mn  i  i     i  ii 

^  PiMMi  P    r    PI  P  PPlliep  p  npn  MPP  if  M  HP 

SECTION  14 
SIERRA  FOOTHILLS  AND  ROLLING  PLAINS  EAST  AND  WEST  OF  SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  FLOOR 

NAPA 


®(B)© 


i=- 


SECTION   15 

NORTH    COAST 

AREAS 


DORRIS      HORNBROOK    GRENADA      BURNEY     BIEBER    ALTURAS    MADELINE      SUSANVILLE 

©                         ®         ©'■ 

@„©-©<5^  ®     ©  ©®©©©— @|— ® 

' 

i_l         1 

r      1 

.     1                                                            1 

s 

1 

< 

* 

1     1     1    s 

1        4     4 

I                                                                                                                        I 

1      1 

-(     J     -■  . 

l: 

i                                                                                                                                               O 

I_f      1 

4                t               i       i 

U    i    i  A 

^ 

i 
d 

1   5 

1  :- 

iU              1 

2         _^..-_-^ ^r|.^ 

4_ 

F  — -=— 1 

r     1 

...1--.  -.._-..  .::... 

T- 

— 

__ 

... 

1 

- 

— 

-^' 

I         ''' 

: 

II 

[fl 

II 

i            is     M  i  1     1  5o  Si        II  5i  hi    1    =i  1 
$            i         i«     8^  J 1   it  s    >M  1  fs  5?  i  f    1    1 

5S-                   gs        §    Sz   §    <J     i  u%  s3    S       SJ       ;    s5   z5  U    5    >5      >      >S  xS 

ECTION  16 
NORTHEASTERN  MOUNTAN  VALLEY  AND  PLATEAU  AREAS 

Plate  VII 


FEB      MAR      APR 


JUL.     AUG      SEP      OCT  I   NOV     DEC 


LrfTlTrrw 


SECTION  1 
LOS  ANGELES  AREA.  VENTURA  TO  REDLANDS 


mw. 


SECTION  6 

SIERRA  FOOTHILLS  AND  ROLLING  PLAINS  EAST  AND 

SOUTH  OF  SAN  JOAQUIN  VALLEY  FLOOR 


30 

25 

y- 

U    20 

U 

a    15 

hi 
a. 

lO 

5 

JAM      FEB      M*R.APP.|ma.     jun      Jul      auG      SEP      OCT 

..^ 

1 

1 

1 

1^1 

SECTION  11 
SANTA  CLARA  AND   ADJACENT   VALLEY   AREAS 

30 

25 

W     20 

U 

a.     15 

UJ" 

a 

J.N       FEB      M»«     APB       M*. 

UN        ;„.       ..C       SE,       OCT 

f 

_| 1 

L 

5 

1. 

1 

SECTION  16 

NORTHEASTERN   MOUNTAIN  VALLEY 

AND  PLATEAU  AREAS 

S     20 
U 


JUL,     AUG  I   SEP      OCT      NOW     OEC 


.^^liTrvv 


SECTION  2 

SAN  DIEGO  AREA.  MEXICAN  BOUNDARY  TO 

SAN  JACINTO  AND  YUCAIPA 


30 

25 

S    20 

Q. 

10 

5 

JAN       FEB      MAR      AP«       MA,      .UN       ,U. 

uo 

SEP      OCT      NOV     OEC  1 

L 

.      .      1 

|_l 

1      . 

SECTION  12 

DELTA   LANDS  OF  SAN   JOAQUIN   AND 

SACRAMENTO  RIVERS 

JA-.         FEB        MAR       APR       MA.        JUN         JUL         AUC       SEP        OCT         NO. 

D.C 

25 

h- 

U     20 
U 

lO 

5 

JT 

-J 

_r 

-L 

tl 

1 

1  1 

SECTION  13 
SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  FLOOR 

LEGEND 

J_    Weighted  average  measured  monthly  use. 

Average  proposed  monthly  use. 

ZZI    Desirable  monthly  use. 
Ordinates  show  percentage  of  yearly  use 


30 

25 

S      SO 

FEB      MA«       APR 

NOV     OEC 

^ri 

£  '  = 

Q. 

lO 

5 

r^           S 

^                                       "^              i 

1       1 

SECTION  9 

SANTA  BARBARA.  SANTA  MARIA   AND 

SAN   LUIS  OBISPO  AREAS 

JAN         FEB        MAR       AP»        M4,         ,UN         A,L          =UG        ^EP        OCT         -.OV      OEC 

25 

1- 

5     20 

0 

£  's 

Q. 

1 

In 

5 

II              ■ 

■      i-— ,.     1 

SECTION  14 

SIERRA  FOOTHILLS  AND  ROLLING  PLAINS  EAST 

AND  WEST  OF  SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  FLOOR 

30 

25 

1- 

?i     20 

.UG      SEP 

OCT 

NOV    oec 

u 

Q:     15 

Q. 

10 

J 

J 

^ 

1 

II 

1   1. 

SECTION  5 
OWENS  AND  OTHER  EAST  SIERRA  VALLEYS 

.:,      r„     „.»     .„     ^,.,     ,„«       ,„,      .„s      SE, 

1            1 

25 
1- 

5     20 
U 

£  '= 

10 

5 

t            t 

p-        L 

1 

1 

SECTION  to 
LOWER  SALINAS  VALLEY 

JAr,       FEB 

>.,»      .,»      «.,      J„M        ,U,       .UC       S.P       OCT       „.       D.C 

25 

1- 

S    20 

£  •= 

Q- 

10 

5 

i         L 

I 

SECTION  15 
NORTH  COAST  AREAS 

MONTHLY  USE 

OF 

ANNUAL  IRRIGATION  SUPPLY 


STATE   DEPARTMENT  OF   PUBLIC  WORKS 

DIVISION  OF  ENGINEERING  AND  IRRIGATION 

CALIFORNIA  W/ATER  RESOURCES  INVESTIGATION 

CHAPTER   889     1921   STATUTES 


